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2024
09-05

长寿的7个关键 | 纽约时报

几千年来,人类一直在寻找长生不老的秘密。对于今天的一些人来说,这种探索包括睡高压氧舱,实验冷冻疗法,或者用红外线照射自己。

大多数老龄化专家怀疑这些方法是否真正能够延长人类寿命的上限。但他们相信,通过一些简单的行为,许多人可以活得更健康、更长寿,在80岁、90岁甚至100岁的时候保持良好的身心状态。这些干预措施并不像输入年轻人的血液那么奇特。

“人们在寻找神奇药丸,”美国国家衰老研究所的科学主任路易吉·费鲁奇博士说,“然而神奇药丸就在这里。”

下面是老年病专家给出的7条建议,告诉你如何延长你的寿命。

请看《纽约时报》的报道:

1. quest [kwest] n. (长久或辛勤的)寻求,探求;(中世纪传奇故事中骑士的)探险 v. 探寻,寻求 【名】 (quest)(德)奎斯特(人名);quests;quests;questing;quested;quested

2. chamber [ˈtʃeɪmbə] n. 房间,室;会议厅,会所;议院;腔,膛;洞穴;卧室;法官办公室,律师事务所(chambers) v. 把子弹送入弹膛;把……关在房间里 adj. 室内的;私人的,秘密的 【名】 (chamber)(英)钱伯(人名);chambers;chambers;chambering;chambered;chambered

3. blast [blɑːst] n. 爆炸,爆破;冲击波;爆炸声,爆破声;强劲的(气或水)流,疾风;吹奏声,轰鸣;严厉的批评;狂欢,有趣的事;(球队或选手的)猛烈进攻;枪击;(公司、组织等发出的)群发电子邮件 v. 炸毁,爆破;轰开,炸开(通路);向……射击,枪击;发出刺耳的高音;严厉批评,痛斥;由爆炸引起;用力踢,猛击;喷射(水流、气流等);使枯萎;轻易击败;损坏,摧毁;开,炸开(通路) int. 该死,讨厌 【名】 (blast)(德)布拉斯特(人名);blasts;blasts;blasting;blasted;blasted

4. infrared [ˈɪnfrəˈred] adj. 红外线的;(设备,技术)使用红外的,涉及红外的 n. 红外区,红外线,红外辐射

5. skeptical [ˈskeptɪkəl] adj. 不相信的,持怀疑态度的;(哲)怀疑论的,不可知论的

6. extend [ɪksˈtend] v. 延伸;扩大,延长;持续;包括,波及;提供,表示;伸出;使竭尽全力;对……估价;extends;extending;extended;extended

7. span [spæn] n. 时间跨度,一段时间;(桥或拱的)墩距,跨距;宽度,翼展;范围,包括的种类;(航海)跨绳;一队人(或动物);数值范围;一掌的长度 v. 持续,贯穿;包括(广大地区),涵盖(多项内容);横跨,跨越;张开手覆盖(或环绕);给(动物)套上轭 adj. 整洁干净的,照管得很好的(spick an. span. 【名】 (span)(捷)斯潘(人名);spans;spans;spanning;spanned;spanned

8. exotic [ɪgˈzɒtɪk] adj. 奇异的,异国风情的 n. 外来植物,外来动物

9. numb [nʌm] adj. 麻木的,失去感觉的;迟钝的,呆滞的 v. 使麻木,使失去知觉;使迟钝,使呆滞;使(某种感觉)减轻,使减弱;number;numbs;numbing;numbed;numbed

10. numerous [ˈnjuːmərəs] adj. 众多的,许多的

11. chronic [ˈkrɒnɪk] adj. (疾病)慢性的,长期的;(问题)一直有的,反复出现的;难以根除的,积习难改的;糟透的,拙劣的 【名】 (chronic)(英)克罗尼克(人名)

12. muscle [ˈmʌsl] n. 肌肉;体力,力气;权力,影响力;身强力壮的男子(们) v. 用力搬动;挤;以经济(或政治)压力迫使;加强;muscles;muscles;muscling;muscled;muscled

13. endurance [ɪnˈdʒurəns] n. 持久力,忍耐力;耐久性,耐用度

14. specialize [ˈspeʃəlaɪz] vi. 专门研究(或从事),专攻;专营;(生)使(器官)专化,使特化;specializes;specializing;specialized;specialized

15. moderate [ˈmɒdərɪt] adj. 普通的,中等的;不偏激的,温和的;有节制的,不过分的;(变化)不大的,有限的 v. 缓和,使适中;主持(讨论或会议);审核评分(查看不同阅卷人所打分数是否公平一致);(物理)使(中子)减速 n. 持温和政见者;moderates;moderates;moderating;moderated;moderated

16. intensity [ɪnˈtensɪtɪ] n. 强烈,剧烈;(光、声音等的)强度;intensities

17. beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 有益的,有利的;(与)权益(有关)的,有财产使用权的

18. vessel [ˈvesl] n. 船,舰;(人或动物的)血管,(植物的)导管;(盛液体用的)容器,器皿;(有某种特质或用途的)人 【名】 (vessel)韦塞尔(人名);vessels

19. lower [ˈləʊə] adj. (尤指在同类中处于)较下的,下方的;在底部的,近底部的;次重要的,较低级的;(数字或数量)较小的;向南的;早期的 v. 减少,降低;把……放低,使……降下;降低,贬低(身份);变昏暗,变阴沉;露愠色 adv. 处于较低位置地,向低处下降地 【名】 (lower)(美、英)洛厄(人名);lowers;lowering;lowered;lowered

20. maintain [menˈteɪn] v. 保持,维持;维修,保养;断言,主张;赡养,抚养;支持,维护;maintains;maintaining;maintained;maintained

21. substance [ˈsʌbstəns] n. 物质,材料;主旨,主要内容;重要性;真实性,可信性;毒品;财富,财产;实质,(实在的)东西;实体;可靠,稳定;(哲)实体;substances

22. correlate [ˈkɒrɪleɪt] v. 相互关联;显示紧密联系 n. 相关的事物;correlates;correlates;correlating;correlated;correlated

23. deadly [ˈdedlɪ] adj. 致命的;极度的;乏味枯燥的;死一般的;阴险毒辣的,冷酷无情的;极有害的,破坏性的;(运动员或其动作)极富技巧性的,极难防御的;极好的,卓越的 adv. 极其;死一般;deadlier

24. dose [dəʊs] n. 一剂,一服;一次,一点;花柳病 v. 给……服药;掺入 【名】 (dose)(英)多斯,(德)多泽,(意、西、葡、塞)多塞(人名);doses;doses;dosing;dosed;dosed

25. excessive [ɪkˈsesɪv] adj. 过度的,过多的

26. liver [ˈlɪvə] n. 肝脏;(供食用的)动物肝脏;生活者,居民;livers

27. critical [ˈkrɪtɪkəl] adj. 批判的,爱挑剔的;极其重要的,关键的;严重的,危急的;病重的,重伤的;评论性的,评论家的;临界的

28. stroke [strəʊk] n. 中风;(使用武器的)击,打;击球,一击,一抽;(划船用语)划桨,划法,划桨法;泳式,游泳姿势;(指挥船上其他桨手的)尾桨手;轻抚,抚摸;一笔,一划;(灵感的)突发,(天才的)一举;(突发或突然想到的)好事;斜线(号);(雷电的)闪光;来回动作,上下动作;一系列重复运动的)节奏,律动;(鸟翼的)一次扑打;准时,准点;(一系列重复运动的)节奏,律动;(时钟报时的)鸣响,钟声 v. 轻抚,抚摸;轻挪,轻触,轻拭;击球;讨好,奉承;在……上轻轻涂抹;当……的尾桨手,当……的领桨;strokes;strokes;stroking;stroked;stroked

29. accord [əˈkɔːd] n. 协议,条约;符合,一致 v. 使受到,给予(某种待遇);(与……)一致,符合;accords;accords;according;accorded;accorded

30. elderly [ˈeldəlɪ] adj. 上了年纪的;老掉牙的 n. 老人(the elderly)

31. cultivate [ˈkʌltɪveɪt] v. 开垦,耕作;栽培,培育;陶冶,培养;建立(友谊),结交;cultivates;cultivating;cultivated;cultivated

32. associate [əˈsəʊʃɪeɪt] v. 联想,联系;支持,同意;交往,(尤指)混在一起 n. 同事,伙伴;副学士,准学士;副职,副手;准会员;联想 adj. 副的,准的,非正式的;联合的,有关连的;associates;associates;associating;associated;associated

33. highly [ˈhaɪlɪ] adv. 极其,非常;高度地,高水平地;钦佩地,赞赏地;在高处,地位高

34. factor [ˈfæktə] n. 因素,要素;等级,系数;因数,因子;遗传因子,基因;(血液中的)凝血因子;代理公司,代理商;地产管理人,管家;测量水平 v. 把……作为因素计入,把……包括在内(factor in);把……作为因素排除,不把……包括在内(factor out);将……分解为因子;代理经营,(代管)产业;做代理商 【名】 (factor)(英)法克特(人名);factors;factors;factoring;factored;factored

35. version [ˈvɜːʃən] n. (同一种物件稍有不同的)样式,型号;(从不同角度的)说法,描述;(电影、剧本、乐曲等的)版本,改编形式;《圣经》译本;胎位倒转术 v. 创制……的新版本,更新……的版本;versions

Humans have searched for the secret to immortality for thousands of years. For some people today, that quest includes things like sleeping in a hyperbaric chamber, experimenting with cryotherapy or blasting oneself with infrared light.

几千年来,人类一直在寻找长生不老的秘密。对于今天的一些人来说,这种探索包括睡高压氧舱,实验冷冻疗法,或者用红外线照射自己。

Most aging experts are skeptical that these actions will meaningfully extend the upper limits of the human life span. What they do believe is that by practicing a few simple behaviors, many people can live healthier for longer, reaching 80, 90 and even 100 in good physical and mental shape. The interventions just aren’t as exotic as transfusing yourself with a young person’s blood.

大多数老龄化专家怀疑这些方法是否真正能够延长人类寿命的上限。但他们相信,通过一些简单的行为,许多人可以活得更健康、更长寿,在80岁、90岁甚至100岁的时候保持良好的身心状态。这些干预措施并不像输入年轻人的血液那么奇特。

“People are looking for the magic pill,” said Dr. Luigi Ferrucci, the scientific director of the National Institute on Aging, “and the magic pill is already here.”

“人们在寻找神奇药丸,”美国国家衰老研究所的科学主任路易吉·费鲁奇博士说,“然而神奇药丸就在这里。”

Below are seven tips from geriatricians on how to add more good years to your life.

下面是老年病专家给出的7条建议,告诉你如何延长你的寿命。

第一,学习immortality的用法。这个词作名词,表示the state of living forever or being remembered forever,永生,长存,永恒,永垂不朽,例:the immortality of the soul 灵魂的不朽

第二,学习exotic的用法。这个词作形容词,表示something that is exotic seems unusual and interesting because it is related to a foreign country – use this to show approval,异国风情的,外国情调的〔含褒义〕,例:exotic birds 外国的奇异鸟类

第三,学习geriatric的用法。这个词作形容词,表示relating to the medical care and treatment of old people,老年医学的,例:a specialist in geriatric medicine 老年医学专家

1. Move more.

1. 多运动。

The number one thing experts recommended was to keep your body active. That’s because study after study has shown that exercise reduces the risk of premature death.

专家建议的第一件事就是保持身体活跃。因为一项又一项研究表明,运动可以降低过早死亡的风险。

Physical activity keeps the heart and circulatory system healthy and provides protection against numerous chronic diseases that affect the body and mind. It also strengthens muscles, which can reduce older people’s risk of falls.

体育活动可以保持心脏和循环系统的健康,并提供保护,防止许多影响身心的慢性疾病。它还能增强肌肉,从而降低老年人跌倒的风险。

“If we spend some of our adult years building up our muscle mass, our strength, our balance, our cardiovascular endurance, then as the body ages, you’re starting from a stronger place for whatever is to come,” said Dr. Anna Chang, a professor of medicine specializing in geriatrics at the University of California, San Francisco.

加州大学旧金山分校专攻老年病学的医学教授安娜·张(音)博士说:“如果我们在成年后花一些时间锻炼肌肉、增强力量、增强平衡力、增强心血管耐力,那么随着身体年龄的增长,你就有了一个更强壮的基础,迎接未来的一切。”

The best exercise is any activity you enjoy doing and will stick with. You don’t have to do a lot, either — the American Heart Association recommends 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, meaning just walking a little more than 20 minutes a day is beneficial.

最好的锻炼是任何你喜欢做并能坚持下去的活动。你也不需要做太多的运动——美国心脏协会建议每周进行150分钟的中等强度运动,这意味着每天步行20分钟以上就很有益了。

第一,学习premature的用法。这个词作形容词,表示happening before the natural or proper time,过早的,提早的,例:his premature death due to cancer 他因癌症而早逝

第二,学习cardiovascular的用法。这个词作形容词,表示relating to the heart and BLOOD VESSELs (= tubes through which blood flows around your body),心血管的,例:cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病

第三,学习stick with sth的用法。这个词组表示to continue doing something, especially something difficult,坚持〔做某事,尤指困难的事情〕,例:If you stick with it, your playing will gradually get better. 如果你坚持练习,演奏水平会逐渐提高。

2. Eat more fruits and vegetables.

2. 多吃水果蔬菜。

The experts didn’t recommend one specific diet over another, but they generally advised eating in moderation and aiming for more fruits and vegetables and fewer processed foods. The Mediterranean diet — which prioritizes fresh produce in addition to whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish and olive oil — is a good model for healthy eating, and it’s been shown to lower the risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes and dementia.

专家们并没有推荐一种特定的饮食方式,但他们普遍建议适度饮食,多吃水果蔬菜,少吃加工食品。地中海饮食——除了全谷物、豆类、坚果、鱼类和橄榄油外,还优先考虑新鲜农产品——是健康饮食的良好典范,而且已被证明可以降低患心脏病、癌症、糖尿病和失智的风险。

Some experts say that maintaining a healthy weight is important for longevity, but to Dr. John Rowe, a professor of health policy and aging at Columbia University, that’s less of a concern, especially as people enter old age. “I was always more worried about my patients who lost weight than my patients who gained weight,” Dr. Rowe said.

一些专家说,保持健康体重对长寿很重要,但在哥伦比亚大学卫生政策和老龄化问题教授约翰·罗看来,这不是什么大问题,尤其是当人们步入老年时。“我总是更担心那些体重减轻的病人,而不是体重增加的病人,”罗说。

第一,学习processed的用法。这个词作形容词,表示processed food has substances added to it before it is sold, in order to preserve it, improve its colour etc,〔食品〕经加工的,加工过的,常用搭配为processed cheese / meat / fish etc 加工过的干酪/肉/鱼等,例:the artificial colourings and flavourings in processed foods 加工食品中所含的人工色素和调味料

第二,学习dementia的用法。这个词作名词,表示an illness that affects the brain and memory, and makes you gradually lose the ability to think and behave normally,痴呆。

第三,学习longevity的用法。这个词作名词,表示the amount of time that someone or something lives,寿命,例:the greater longevity of women compared with men 女性相对于男性更长的寿命

3. Get enough sleep.

3. 保证充足睡眠。

Sleep is sometimes overlooked, but it plays a major role in healthy aging. Research has found that the amount of sleep a person averages each night is correlated with their risk of death from any cause, and that consistently getting good quality sleep can add several years to a person’s life. Sleep appears to be especially important for brain health: A 2021 study found that people who slept less than five hours a night had double the risk of developing dementia.

睡眠有时被忽视,但它在健康老龄化中起着重要作用。研究发现,一个人每晚的平均睡眠时间与任何死因的风险都相关,持续获得高质量睡眠可以使寿命延长数年。睡眠似乎对大脑健康尤其重要:2021年的一项研究发现,每晚睡眠不足5小时的人患失智症的风险增加了一倍。

“As people get older, they need more sleep rather than less,” said Dr. Alison Moore, a professor of medicine and the chief of geriatrics, gerontology and palliative care at the University of California, San Diego. Seven to nine hours is generally recommended, she added.

“随着年龄的增长,人们需要更多的睡眠,而不是更少,”加州大学圣地亚哥分校老年病学、老年学和姑息治疗主任、医学教授艾莉森·摩尔博士说。她还说,一般建议每天睡7到9个小时。

4. Don’t smoke, and don’t drink too much either.

4. 不要抽烟酗酒。

This goes without saying, but smoking cigarettes raises your risk for all kinds of deadly diseases. “There is no dose of cigarette smoke that is good for you,” Dr. Rowe said.

不用说,吸烟会增加罹患各种致命疾病的风险。“没有任何剂量的香烟对人体有益,”罗说。

We’re starting to understand how bad excessive alcohol use is, too. More than one drink per day for women and two for men — and possibly even less than that — raises the risk for heart disease and atrial fibrillation, liver disease, and seven types of cancer.

我们也开始了解过度饮酒的危害。女性每天喝一杯以上,男性每天喝两杯以上——甚至可能更少——会增加罹患心脏病、心房纤颤、肝病和七种癌症的风险。

5. Manage your chronic conditions.

5. 控制慢性疾病。

Nearly half of American adults have hypertension, 40 percent have high cholesterol and more than one-third have pre-diabetes. All the healthy behaviors mentioned above will help manage these conditions and prevent them from developing into even more serious diseases, but sometimes lifestyle interventions aren’t enough. That’s why experts say it’s critical to follow your doctor’s advice to keep things under control.

近一半美国成年人患有高血压,40%的人胆固醇高,超过三分之一的人处于糖尿病前期。以上提到的所有健康行为都有助于控制这些疾病,防止它们发展成更严重的疾病,但有时生活方式干预是不够的。因此,专家说,遵从医嘱,控制病情,这一点至关重要。

“It’s not fun to take the medications; it’s not fun to check your blood pressure and check your blood sugar,” Dr. Chang said. “But when we optimize all those things in a whole package, they also help us live longer, healthier, better lives.”

“吃药不好玩;查血压和查血糖也不好玩,”安娜·张说。“但是,如果我们把所有这一切优化为一个整体,它们会帮助我们活得更长、更健康、更好。”

6. Prioritize your relationships.

6. 重视人际关系。

Psychological health often takes a back seat to physical health, but Dr. Chang said it’s just as important. “Isolation and loneliness is as big a detriment to our health as smoking,” she said, adding that it puts us “at a higher risk of dementia, heart disease, stroke.”

与身体健康相比,心理健康往往处于次要地位,但安娜·张说,心理健康同样重要。“孤立和孤独对我们的健康的危害与吸烟一样大,”她说,她还说,这种情况使我们“罹患失智、心脏病和中风的风险更高”。

Relationships are key to not only living healthier, but also happier. According to the Harvard Study of Adult Development, strong relationships are the biggest predictor of well-being.

人际关系不仅是健康生活的关键,也是快乐生活的关键。根据哈佛成人发展研究,牢固的人际关系是幸福的最大可预测因素。

Dr. Rowe tells the medical students he teaches that one of the best indicators of how well an elderly patient will be faring in six months is to ask him “how many friends or family he’s seen in the last week.”

罗告诉他教的医科学生,判断一个老年病人在六个月内病情如何的最好指标之一是问他“上周见了多少朋友或家人”。

7. Cultivate a positive mind-set.

7. 培养积极心态。

Even thinking positively can help you live longer. Several studies have found that optimism is associated with a lower risk of heart disease, and people who score highly on tests of optimism live 5 to 15 percent longer than people who are more pessimistic. That may be because optimists tend to have healthier habits and lower rates of some chronic diseases, but even when accounting for those factors, the research shows that people who think positively still live longer.

就连积极的想法也能让你活得更久。几项研究发现,乐观与较低的心脏病风险有关,在乐观测试中得分高的人比悲观的人寿命长5%到15%。这可能是因为乐观主义者往往会有更健康的习惯,患某些慢性病的几率更低,但即使考虑到这些因素,研究表明,积极思考的人仍然活得更久。

If you had to pick one healthy practice for longevity, “do some version of physical activity,” Dr. Moore said. “If you can’t do that, then focus on being positive.”

摩尔说,如果只选择一种健康的长寿方式,那就“做一些体育活动”。“如果做不到这一点,那就专注于保持积极心态。”

外刊文章来源,纽约时报 2024.01.03 The 7 Keys to Longevity

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