{"id":59430,"date":"2025-10-26T05:10:34","date_gmt":"2025-10-26T05:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/?p=59430"},"modified":"2025-10-26T05:10:34","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T05:10:34","slug":"%e9%87%8d%e5%89%82%e8%b5%b7%e6%b2%89%e7%96%b4%ef%bc%88%e7%ac%ac2%e7%89%88%ef%bc%89%ef%bc%88%e5%8d%81%e5%9b%9b%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/?p=59430","title":{"rendered":"\u91cd\u5242\u8d77\u6c89\u75b4\uff08\u7b2c2\u7248\uff09\uff08\u5341\u56db\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

8\u3000\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u82aa\u59cb\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u795e\u519c\u672c\u8349\u7ecf\u300b\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa\u5473\u7518\uff0c\u5fae\u6e29\uff0c\u4e3b\u75c8\u75bd\uff0c\u4e45\u8d25\u75ae\u3002\u6392\u8113\u6b62\u75db\uff0c\u5927\u98ce\u766b\u75be\uff0c\u4e94\u75d4\u9f20\u7618\u3002\u8865\u865a\uff0c\u5c0f\u513f\u767e\u75c5\u3002\u4f55\u7ecd\u5947\u5148\u751f\u8bb2\uff1a\u201c\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e0a\u82e5\u89c1\u4e45\u75ae\u6216\u4f24\u53e3\u4e45\u4e0d\u6108\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u5176\u836f\u91cf\u53ef\u81f360\uff5e90g\u3002\u6211\u4ee5\u524d\u66fe\u7ecf\u6cbb\u7597\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c0f\u817f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u9aa8\u6298\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u75c5\u4eba\u9aa8\u5934\u867d\u5df2\u6108\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u4f24\u53e3\u5374\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u6108\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u6211\u5c31\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u9ec4\u82aa\u52a0\u4ee5\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u75c5\u4eba\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u75ca\u6108\u4e86\u3002\u53c8\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u5927\u817f\u5904\u957f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7624\uff0c\u5982\u624b\u638c\u822c\u5927\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u8bca\u6cbb\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u897f\u533b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u7624\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u6076\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ee5\u624b\u672f\u5207\u9664\uff0c\u624b\u672f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u552f\u5982\u638c\u5927\u822c\u7684\u4f24\u53e3\u7ecf\u5386\u6570\u5468\u540e\u5374\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u6108\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u75c5\u4eba\u627e\u6211\u8bca\u6cbb\uff0c\u6211\u4ecd\u662f\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u670d\u836f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6570\u5929\u4f24\u53e3\u5c31\u6108\u5408\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u7406\u636e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u300a\u672c\u7ecf\u300b\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u9047\u5230\u4f24\u53e3\u4e45\u4e0d\u6108\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u53c2\u82aa\u5f52\u675e\u6c64\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u914d\u4f0d\u515a\u53c2\u3001\u5f53\u5f52\u3001\u67b8\u675e\u7b49\u836f\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u52a0\u8001\u6bcd\u9e21\uff08\u65e0\u8001\u6bcd\u9e21\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u5c0f\u9e21\u6216\u6392\u9aa8\u7b49\uff09\u4e00\u8d77\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8001\u6bcd\u9e21\u662f\u8840\u8089\u6709\u60c5\u4e4b\u54c1\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4f24\u53e3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u751f\u957f\uff08\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u80bf\u7624\u75c5\u4eba\u53cd\u800c\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9c\u5403\u8001\u6bcd\u9e21\uff09\u3002\u82e5\u4f24\u53e3\u6709\u8113\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u52a0\u767d\u82b7\u3001\u6854\u6897\u53ca\u91d1\u94f6\u82b1\u7b49\u836f\u7269\u4ee5\u6392\u8113\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

8.1\u3000\u5e94\u7528\u5e7f\u6cdb<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3a\u4e34\u5e8a\u5386\u4ee3\u533b\u5bb6\u6240\u63a8\u5d07\u548c\u91cd\u7528\u3002\u5982\u300a\u4f24\u5bd2\u8bba\u300b\u4e4b\u9ec4\u82aa\u6842\u679d\u4e94\u7269\u6c64\u6cbb\u7597\u8840\u75f9\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec1\u3002\u300a\u4e09\u56e0\u6781\u4e00\u75c5\u8bc1\u65b9\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u5377\u4e5d\uff09\u7389\u5c51\u818f\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u3001\u4eba\u53c2\u5404\u7b49\u4efd\u4e3a\u672b\u5403\uff0c\u4e0d\u62d8\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ee5\u76d0\u6c64\u9001\u4e0b\u6cbb\u7597\u5c3f\u8840\u5e76\u4e94\u6dcb\u7802\u77f3\uff0c\u75bc\u75db\u4e0d\u53ef\u5fcd\u53d7\u4e4b\u8bc1\u3002\u300a\u91cd\u8ba2\u4e25\u6c0f\u6d4e\u751f\u65b9\u00b7\u75c8\u75bd\u7597\u80bf\u95e8\u300b\u6709\u6392\u8113\u6563\u65b9\uff0c\u8c13\u6cbb\u80ba\u75c8\u5f97\u5410\u8113\u540e\uff0c\u5b9c\u4ee5\u6b64\u836f\u6392\u8113\u8865\u80ba\uff0c\u53d6\u7ef5\u9ec4\u82aa\uff08\u53bb\u82a6\uff0c\u751f\u7528\uff09\u4e8c\u4e24\u3002\u300a\u666e\u6d4e\u65b9\u300b\u6240\u8f7d\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u80fd\u6563\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6d8c\u6cc9\u795e\u5e94\u6563\u201d\u4e24\u65b9\u7686\u4ee5\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u4e3b\u836f\u6cbb\u7597\u4e73\u75c8\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u6563\u6cbb\u7597\u4f24\u6298\u4e4b\u6076\u8840\u51dd\u6ede\u80bf\u75db\uff0c\u6854\u6897\u9ec4\u82aa\u6c64\u6cbb\u80f8\u75f9\u3002\u300a\u592a\u5e73\u5723\u60e0\u65b9\u300b\u4e4b\u9ec4\u82aa\u7ca5\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e00\u4e24\uff0c\u7cb3\u7c73\u4e8c\u5408\u6cbb\u7597\u4e94\u75d4\u4e0b\u8840\u4e0d\u6b62\u3002\u300a\u5723\u6d4e\u603b\u5f55\u300b\u4e4b\u5fc5\u6548\u4e38\uff0c\u7528\u67b3\u58f3\u3001\u9ec4\u82aa\u5404\u4e00\u4e24\u5236\u4e38\u670d\u7528\uff0c\u6cbb\u6c14\u75d4\u8131\u809b\u4e0d\u6536\u8005\uff1b\u8406\u85a2\u9152\u6cbb\u8840\u75f9\u53ca\u4e94\u810f\u516d\u8151\uff0c\u76ae\u80a4\u9aa8\u9ad3\uff0c\u808c\u8089\u7b4b\u8109\u7b49\u75be\uff0c\u7686\u6709\u9ec4\u82aa\u3002\u300a\u6d4e\u9634\u7eb2\u76ee\u300b\u4e2d\u5f53\u5f52\u8865\u8840\u52a0\u8471\u767d\u6c64\uff0c\u5f53\u5f52\u4e8c\u94b1\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e00\u4e24\uff0c\u8471\u767d10\u6839\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\u4ea7\u540e\u4e73\u5c11\u6216\u65e0\u4e73\u3002\u738b\u6e05\u4efb\u300a\u533b\u6797\u6539\u9519\u300b\u8865\u9633\u8fd8\u4e94\u6c64\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\u98ce\u540e\u4e4b\u534a\u8eab\u4e0d\u9042\uff1b\u9ec4\u82aa\u9632\u98ce\u6c64\u4e2d\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u4f50\u4ee5\u5c11\u91cf\u9632\u98ce\u6cbb\u7597\u8131\u809b\uff1b\u9ec4\u82aa\u7518\u8349\u6c64\u4e2d\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u56db\u4e24\uff0c\u7518\u8349\u516b\u94b1\uff0c\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u6cbb\u8001\u4eba\u6eba\u5c3f\uff0c\u7389\u830e\u75db\u5982\u5200\u5272\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5e74\u6708\u6df1\u4e45\uff0c\u7686\u53ef\u670d\u7528\u3002\u6e05\u521d\u9648\u58eb\u94ce\u5728\u5176\u300a\u77f3\u5ba4\u79d8\u5f55\u300b\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u9e64\u819d\u98ce\u7684\u7279\u6548\u65b9\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa150g\uff0c\u8089\u68425g\uff0c\u858f\u82e1\u4ec1200g\uff0c\u832f\u82d3100g\uff0c\u767d\u672f100g\uff0c\u9632\u98ce25g\uff0c\u6c34\u5341\u4f59\u7897\uff0c\u714e\u4e8c\u7897\uff0c\u5206\u4f5c\u4e8c\u670d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5348\u4e00\u670d\uff0c\u4e34\u7761\u4e00\u670d\uff0c\u670d\u540e\u4ee5\u539a\u88ab\u76d6\u4e4b\uff0c\u5fc5\u51fa\u5927\u6c57\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f7b\u53bb\u5176\u88ab\uff0c\u4ee4\u5176\u6c57\u81ea\u5e72\u800c\u6108\uff0c\u4e00\u670d\u53ef\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u518d\u670d\u3002\u5f20\u9521\u7eaf\u521b\u6709\u9ec4\u82aa\u818f\u3001\u6e05\u91d1\u76ca\u6c14\u6c64\u6cbb\u7597\u865a\u52b3\uff0c\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e4b\u751f\u808c\u6563\u8865\u6c14\u6258\u6bd2\u6cbb\u7594\u75ae\u75a1\uff0c\u7528\u5347\u9ebb\u9ec4\u82aa\u6c64\u6cbb\u7597\u5987\u4eba\u4ea7\u540e\u4e4b\u8f6c\u80de\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u540d\u533b\u9093\u94c1\u6d9b\u7528\u81ea\u62df\u7684\u5f3a\u808c\u5065\u529b\u996e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ee5\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6cbb\u7597\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u7597\u6548\uff1b\u6731\u826f\u6625\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u6162\u6027\u80be\u708e\uff0c\u9646\u5fb7\u94ed\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u590d\u53d1\u6027\u53e3\u8154\u6e83\u75a1\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5bb6\u5bf9\u9ec4\u82aa\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u53d1\u6325\u548c\u62d3\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

8.2\u3000\u540d\u533b\u96c6\u8403<\/p>\n

8.2.1\u3000\u5cb3\u7f8e\u4e2d\u4e4b\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u5728\u300a\u5cb3\u7f8e\u4e2d\u8bba\u533b\u96c6\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5cb3\u7f8e\u4e2d\u5148\u751f\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff1a\u2460\u6cbb\u7597\u6162\u6027\u865a\u5f31\u75c7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6025\u6027\u8870\u5f31\u6027\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u7edd\u65e0\u50cf\u9644\u5b50\u90a3\u6837\u6551\u4ea1\u4e8e\u9877\u523b\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6162\u6027\u8870\u5f31\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u5219\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7597\u6548\u3002\u2461\u6cbb\u7597\u8870\u5f31\u6027\u808c\u8868\u75c5\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u5bf9\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u75be\u75c5\u762b\u75ea\u9ebb\u6728\u6d88\u524a\u808c\u8089\u7b49\u786e\u6709\u826f\u6548\uff0c\u4e14\u5927\u75c7\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6570\u94b1\u81f3\u6570\u4e24\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e00\u65e5\u91cf\uff0c\u6301\u4e45\u670d\u4e4b\uff0c\u5176\u6548\u4e43\u663e\u3002\u2462\u6cbb\u4e2d\u6c14\u4e0b\u9677\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6c14\u4e0b\u9677\u7684\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u5e38\u6709\u5c0f\u8179\u5760\u91cd\u611f\uff0c\u5728\u52b3\u4f5c\u65f6\u66f4\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4e14\u540c\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u547c\u5438\u77ed\u4fc3\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u6295\u4ee5\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\u6c64\u6216\u5f20\u9521\u7eaf\u4e4b\u5347\u9633\u6c64\u9887\u6709\u6377\u6548\u3002\u5cb3\u7f8e\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u813e\u80c3\u5185\u4f24\uff0c\u8c37\u6c14\u4e0d\u65fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e4f\u865a\u9981\uff0c\u4f53\u529b\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4e1c\u57a3\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\u6c64\u8865\u813e\u80c3\u7684\u865a\u9981\uff0c\u4e43\u65b9\u4e2d\u53c2\u672f\u7684\u804c\u4e8b\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u5219\u662f\u8d1f\u9f13\u8361\u8c37\u6c14\u4ee5\u5145\u808c\u8868\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u804c\u8d23\u8005\u3002\u2463\u9ec4\u82aa\u5584\u4e8e\u6cbb\u75ae\u75bd\u4e45\u8d251\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u533b\u7814\u7a76\u9662.\u5cb3\u7f8e\u4e2d\u8bba\u533b\u96c6\uff3bM\uff3d.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u536b\u751f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2006.<\/p>\n

8.2.2\u3000\u6731\u826f\u6625\u4e4b\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u6731\u826f\u6625\u5e94\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u65f6\uff0c\u5e38\u4e0e\u5730\u9f99\u76f8\u914d\u6cbb\u7597\u6162\u6027\u80be\u708e\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u6bcf\u65e5\u752830\uff5e60g\uff0c\u5730\u9f99\u6bcf\u65e5\u752810\uff5e15g\uff0c\u6731\u8001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cbb\u7597\u6162\u6027\u80be\u708e\u6c14\u3001\u8840\u3001\u6c34\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c14\u865a\u6c34\u75c5\uff0c\u7edc\u8109\u7600\u6ede\uff0c\u76ca\u6c14\u5316\u7600\u4e3a\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ee5\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u8865\u6c14\u7684\u4e3b\u836f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u80fd\u5145\u517b\u5927\u6c14\uff0c\u8c03\u6574\u80ba\u813e\u80be\u4e09\u810f\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5168\u8eab\u8840\u6db2\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u673a\u4f53\u514d\u75ab\u529b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u517c\u6709\u5229\u5c3f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5316\u7600\u4ee5\u5730\u9f99\u4e3a\u8981\u54c1\uff0c\u80fd\u8d70\u7a9c\u901a\u7edc\uff0c\u5229\u5c3f\u964d\u538b\u3002\u5728\u8fa8\u8bc1\u8bba\u6cbb\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e24\u836f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7ec4\u6210\u65b9\u5242\uff0c\u836f\u540e\u53ef\u6536\u6d6e\u80bf\u6d88\u9000\u3001\u8840\u538b\u8d8b\u5e38\u3001\u86cb\u767d\u8f6c\u9634\u7684\u6548\u679c2\u3002\u6731\u8001\u4e5f\u5e38\u7528\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa20\uff5e30g\u3001\u83aa\u672f6\uff5e10g\u914d\u4f0d\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u6162\u6027\u840e\u7f29\u6027\u80c3\u708e\u3001\u6d88\u5316\u6027\u6e83\u75a1\u3001\u809d\u813e\u5927\u53ca\u809d\u6216\u80f0\u764c\u80bf\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e8c\u8005\u76f8\u5408\u9887\u80fd\u6539\u5584\u75c5\u7076\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u5faa\u73af\u548c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e9b\u6e83\u75a1\u3001\u708e\u6027\u75c5\u7076\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u809d\u813e\u7f29\u5c0f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f7f\u764c\u75c7\u60a3\u8005\u75c5\u60c5\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u5ef6\u957f\u5b58\u6d3b\u671f\u3002\u6731\u8001\u4e34\u5e8a\u5177\u4f53\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e24\u5473\u836f\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fa8\u8bc1\u65bd\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7075\u6d3b\u638c\u63e1\u5176\u5242\u91cf\u914d\u4f0d\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u76ca\u6c14\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u53ef\u7528\u81f330\uff5e60g\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u914c\u60c5\u4f50\u4ee5\u515a\u53c2\u6216\u592a\u5b50\u53c23\u3002<\/p>\n

2 \u6731\u6b65\u5148\uff0c\u4f55\u7ecd\u5947\uff0c\u6731\u80dc\u534e\uff0c\u7b49.\u6731\u826f\u6625\u7528\u836f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u96c6\uff3bM\uff3d.\u957f\u6c99\uff1a\u6e56\u5357\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998.<\/p>\n

3 \u6731\u6b65\u5148\uff0c\u4f55\u7ecd\u5947\uff0c\u6731\u80dc\u534e\uff0c\u7b49.\u6731\u826f\u6625\u7528\u836f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u96c6\uff3bM\uff3d.\u957f\u6c99\uff1a\u6e56\u5357\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998.<\/p>\n

8.2.3\u3000\u9093\u94c1\u6d9b\u4e4b\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u9093\u94c1\u6d9b\u4e5f\u5584\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u2460\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u4ee5\u5347\u9677\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u810f\u5668\u4e0b\u5782\uff0c\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u808c\u8089\u75ff\u8f6f\uff0c\u547c\u5438\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u7729\u6655\u7b49\u6c14\u4e0b\u9677\u8005\u3002\u2461\u6cbb\u7597\u6c14\u865a\u75f0\u6d4a\u578b\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u5408\u6e29\u80c6\u6c64\u8fdb\u884c\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u4e14\u6b64\u65f6\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u7528\u91cf\u5fc5\u7528\u81f330g\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53ef\u52a0\u6f5c\u9633\u9547\u5760\u4e4b\u54c1\u3002\u2462\u4e0e\u5f20\u9521\u7eaf\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e4b\u5347\u8865\uff0c\u5c24\u5584\u6cbb\u6d41\u4ea7\u3001\u5d29\u6f0f\u548c\u5e26\u4e0b\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u9093\u6c0f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u53ef\u4e0b\u6b7b\u80ce\u3002\u9093\u6c0f\u66fe\u6cbb\u80ce\u6b7b\u8179\u4e2d\u4e4b\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fa8\u8bc1\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u738b\u6e05\u4efb\u6cbb\u96be\u4ea7\u4e4b\u52a0\u5473\u5f00\u9aa8\u6563\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa120g\uff0c\u5916\u52a0\u9488\u7078\uff0c\u4e00\u5242\u800c\u6b7b\u80ce\u4ea7\u4e0b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ec4\u82aa\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6307\u5f81\uff0c\u9093\u6c0f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u820c\u89c1\u6de1\u6709\u9f7f\u5370\uff0c\u8109\u865a\u5927\u6216\u5bf8\u90e8\u5f31\uff0c\u518d\u53c2\u5bdf\u6709\u5426\u5176\u4ed6\u6c14\u865a\u4e4b\u8bc1\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u8003\u8651\u4f7f\u75284\u3002<\/p>\n

4 \u5218\u7acb\u660c.\u6cbb\u8865\u4e24\u76ca\u8bdd\u9ec4\u82aa\uff3bM\uff3d.\u957f\u6625\uff1a\u5409\u6797\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002.<\/p>\n

8.2.4\u3000\u5f20\u742a\u4e4b\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u742a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e5d\u5927\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u2460\u76ca\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u6cbb\u7597\u865a\u70ed\uff1b\u2461\u76ca\u6c14\u56fa\u8868\u6b62\u81ea\u6c57\uff1b\u2462\u76ca\u8425\u536b\u6c14\u8840\u4ee5\u8c03\u6c14\u8840\u4e4b\u504f\u9887\uff1b\u2463\u76ca\u6c14\u4e0e\u8865\u80be\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u6cbb\u7597\u80a2\u4f53\u4e4b\u75ff\u5e9f\uff1b\u2464\u76ca\u6c14\u4e0e\u5347\u9ebb\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u914d\u4f0d\u6cbb\u7597\u5927\u6c14\u4e0b\u9677\uff1b\u2465\u76ca\u536b\u6c14\u548c\u8425\u901a\u7edc\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u80a2\u4f53\u9ebb\u6728\u4e0d\u4ec1\uff1b\u2466\u52a9\u6c14\u5316\u8fbe\u5dde\u90fd\uff0c\u6cbb\u52b3\u6dcb\u53ca\u80be\u708e\u86cb\u767d\u5c3f\uff1b\u2467\u76ca\u6c14\u8840\u3001\u8865\u5fc3\u813e\u6cbb\u8840\u865a\u53ca\u5984\u884c\uff1b\u2468\u76ca\u6c14\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6d3b\u8840\u4e3a\u8f85\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u5fc3\u7ede\u75db\u53ca\u5fc3\u5f8b\u5931\u5e381\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u5f20\u742a\u4f59\uff0c\u65b0\u534e.\u5f20\u742a\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8f91\u8981\uff3bM\uff3d.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u836f\u79d1\u6280\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998.<\/p>\n

8.2.5\u3000\u9646\u5fb7\u94ed\u4e4b\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u533b\u5916\u79d1\u540d\u5bb6\u9646\u5fb7\u94ed\u6559\u6388\u6df1\u8c19\u4e2d\u533b\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u6cbb\u7597\u591a\u79cd\u5916\u79d1\u75be\u75c5\u65f6\u5584\u4e8e\u8fd0\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u3002\u2460\u6cbb\u7597\u590d\u53d1\u6027\u53e3\u8154\u6e83\u75a1\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e94\u76ca\u6c14\u517b\u9634\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u5973\u8d1e\u5b50\uff0c\u8fa8\u8bc1\u65f6\u4ece\u6c14\u9634\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u80ba\u80be\u4e24\u810f\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u65f6\u5584\u7528\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u548c\u5973\u8d1e\u5b50\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e8c\u8005\u662f\u590d\u53d1\u6027\u53e3\u8154\u708e\u6cbb\u672c\u7684\u8981\u836f\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u6709\u8865\u76ca\u80ba\u80be\u4e4b\u6c14\uff0c\u56fa\u8868\u536b\u5916\uff0c\u655b\u75ae\u6258\u6bd2\uff0c\u751f\u808c\u6536\u53e3\u4e4b\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u4e3a\u5916\u79d1\u6258\u6bd2\u751f\u808c\u4e4b\u7cbe\u54c1\uff1b\u800c\u5973\u8d1e\u5b50\u6ecb\u8865\u809d\u80be\u4e4b\u9634\uff0c\u6ecb\u800c\u4e0d\u817b\uff0c\u4e24\u836f\u5408\u7528\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u76ca\u6c14\u517b\u9634\uff0c\u751f\u808c\u6258\u6bd2\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u75ae\u9762\u6108\u5408\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e0a\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u5e38\u752845\uff5e60g\uff0c\u5973\u8d1e\u5b50\u7528\u81f315g\uff0c\u9646\u6c0f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u975e\u91cd\u7528\u6b64\u4e8c\u836f\u800c\u6c14\u9634\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u590d\uff0c\u75ae\u9762\u96be\u4ee5\u6108\u54082\u3002\u2461\u9646\u8001\u6cbb\u7597\u75a3\u75c5\u65f6\u6709\u4e00\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u6d88\u75a3\u65b9\uff0c\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa60g\uff0c\u767d\u672f9g\uff0c\u751f\u7518\u83496g\uff0c\u83aa\u672f30g\uff0c\u9a6c\u9f7f\u82cb30g\uff0c\u5927\u9752\u53f630g\uff0c\u767d\u82b1\u86c7\u820c\u834930g\uff0c\u677f\u84dd\u683930g\u3002\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\u6bcf\u65e5\u714e\u670d1\u5242\u3002\u5934\u714e\u3001\u4e8c\u714e\u5185\u670d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u714e\u5916\u6d17\u60a3\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u8f7b\u8f7b\u6309\u6469\u3002\u5177\u6709\u76ca\u6c14\u6d3b\u8840\u6e05\u70ed\u7684\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\uff1a\u5bfb\u5e38\u75a3\u3001\u6241\u5e73\u75a3\u3001\u8dd6\u75a3\u3001\u5c16\u9510\u6e7f\u75a3\u7b49\u3002\u2462\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c14\u9634\u865a\u5f31\u662f\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u53d1\u75c5\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u75c5\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e34\u8bc1\u6cbb\u7597\u65f6\u4ee5\u76ca\u6c14\u517b\u9634\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5316\u75f0\u758f\u6c14\u4e3a\u4f50\uff0c\u5e38\u4ee5\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u541b\uff0c\u4e14\u5f3a\u8c03\u91cd\u7528\uff0c\u7528\u81f360g\u4ee5\u4e0a\u65f6\u65b9\u80fd\u53d6\u6548\uff0c\u53d6\u9ec4\u82aa\u8865\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u3001\u5316\u6c14\u56de\u6d25\u4e4b\u6548\u3002\u2463\u76ca\u6c14\u6d3b\u8840\uff0c\u5b97\u738b\u6e05\u4efb\u8865\u9633\u8fd8\u4e94\u6c64\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u5e26\u72b6\u75b1\u75b9\u540e\u9057\u795e\u7ecf\u75db\u3002\u2464\u8865\u6c14\u8c03\u809d\uff0c\u5999\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u4e73\u7656\uff0c\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u57f9\u517b\u4e2d\u5bab\uff0c\u4f7f\u809d\u6728\u81ea\u7406\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u8865\u6c14\u8c03\u809d\u7684\u76ee\u76843\u3002<\/p>\n

2 \u90b1\u5fb7\u6587\uff0c\u6c99\u51e4\u6850.\u4e2d\u56fd\u540d\u8001\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u4e13\u5bb6\u5b66\u672f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u96c6\uff3bM\uff3d.\u8d35\u9633\uff1a\u8d35\u5dde\u79d1\u6280\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1995.<\/p>\n

3 \u4f55\u6625\u6885\uff0c\u5218\u80dc.\u9646\u5fb7\u94ed\u5e94\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3e\u9685\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u4e2d\u533b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c2000\uff0810\uff09\uff1a596-597.<\/p>\n

8.2.6\u3000\u9ec4\u714c\u4e4b\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u714c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3b\u6cbb\u201c\u6c57\u51fa\u800c\u80bf\u201d\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u5e73\u65f6\u6c57\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u7a0d\u6709\u4f53\u529b\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u6c57\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u76ae\u80a4\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e7f\u6da6\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u80bf\u201d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u5168\u8eab\u6027\u7684\u6d6e\u80bf\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u4e0b\u80a2\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u591a\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u808c\u8089\u677e\u8f6f\uff0c\u4f53\u578b\u80a5\u80d6\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u6d6e\u80bf\u8c8c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6d6e\u80bf\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u5e38\u5e38\u81ea\u89c9\u8eab\u4f53\u6c89\u91cd\uff0c\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u5173\u8282\u91cd\u75db\u3002\u5176\u603b\u7ed3\u9ec4\u82aa\u5e94\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n

\uff081\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u4f53\u578b\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa\u4f53\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u9762\u8272\u9ec4\u767d\u6216\u9ec4\u7ea2\u9690\u9690\uff0c\u6216\u9ec4\u6697\uff0c\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5149\u6cfd\u3002\u6d6e\u80bf\u8c8c\uff0c\u76ee\u65e0\u5149\u5f69\u3002\u808c\u8089\u677e\u8f6f\uff0c\u8179\u58c1\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u68c9\u82b1\u6795\u5934\uff0c\u6309\u4e4b\u65e0\u62b5\u6297\u611f\u4ee5\u53ca\u75db\u80c0\u611f\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u9ec4\u82aa\u8179\u201d\u3002\u5e73\u65f6\u6613\u4e8e\u51fa\u6c57\uff0c\u754f\u98ce\uff0c\u9047\u98ce\u51b7\u6613\u4e8e\u8fc7\u654f\uff0c\u6216\u9f3b\u585e\uff0c\u6216\u54b3\u5598\uff0c\u6216\u611f\u5192\u3002\u5927\u4fbf\u4e0d\u6210\u5f62\uff0c\u6216\u5148\u5e72\u540e\u6e8f\u3002\u6613\u4e8e\u6d6e\u80bf\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8db3\u80bf\uff0c\u624b\u8db3\u6613\u9ebb\u6728\u3002\u820c\u8d28\u6de1\u80d6\uff0c\u820c\u82d4\u6da6\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff082\uff09\u4e2d\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u5e94\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u8f83\u591a\uff1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u8425\u517b\u4e0d\u826f\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u8870\u8001\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u5bfc\u81f4\u808c\u8089\u677e\u8f6f\uff0c\u8179\u90e8\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8179\u808c\u840e\u7f29\u800c\u8102\u80aa\u5806\u79ef\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4f34\u6709\u6c34\u80bf\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u5373\u300a\u91d1\u532e\u8981\u7565\u300b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u9aa8\u5f31\u808c\u80a4\u76db\u201d\u7684\u201c\u5c0a\u5bb9\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u8001\u5e74\u4e2d\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u578b\u5c24\u4e3a\u591a\u89c1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u9ec4\u82aa\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u8001\u5e74\u8f83\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u714c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\uff1a\u2460\u6162\u6027\u80be\u75c5\uff1b\u2461\u5fc3\u8111\u8840\u7ba1\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u75c5\u3001\u7f3a\u8840\u6027\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u3001\u8111\u8840\u7ba1\u610f\u5916\u7b49\uff1b\u2462\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\uff1b\u2463\u80bf\u7624\u5316\u7597\u653e\u7597\u4ee5\u53ca\u672f\u540e\uff1b\u2464\u6162\u6027\u9f3b\u708e\uff1b\u2465\u9aa8\u8d28\u758f\u677e\uff1b\u2466\u7ecf\u4e45\u4e0d\u6108\u7684\u6e83\u75a1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u6d88\u5316\u9053\u6e83\u75a1\uff0c\u5982\u80c3\u53ca\u5341\u4e8c\u6307\u80a0\u6e83\u75a1\u7b491\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u9ec4\u714c.\u9ec4\u82aa\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u533a\u533b\u5e08\uff0c2002\uff0813\uff09\uff1a34-35.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bf8\u4f4d\u533b\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u914d\u4f0d\u53ef\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u865a\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u865a\u5b9e\u5939\u6742\u8bf8\u75c7\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76ca\u6c14\u5347\u63d0\u3001\u8865\u6c14\u6d3b\u8840\u3001\u6536\u53e3\u655b\u75ae\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5185\u79d1\u3001\u5916\u79d1\u6216\u5987\u513f\u7b49\u79d1\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u53d1\u6325\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u4e8e\u75ae\u75a1\uff0c\u8fd1\u4eba\u5f20\u5b97\u7965\u300a\u533b\u836f\u6d45\u8bf4\u300b\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u6b64\u836f\u5c1a\u6709\u6d88\u708e\u5316\u8113\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u4e0d\u72ec\u75c8\u75bd\u5185\u9677\u8005\u5b9c\u91cd\u7528\uff0c\u5373\u810f\u8151\u5316\u8113\u4ea6\u5b9c\u91cd\u7528\u4e5f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

8.3\u3000\u914d\u4f0d\u5e94\u7528<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u82aa\u5177\u6709\u8865\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u3001\u56fa\u8868\u6b62\u6c57\u3001\u5229\u6c34\u6d88\u80bf\u3001\u751f\u6d25\u517b\u8840\u3001\u884c\u6ede\u901a\u75f9\u3001\u6258\u6bd2\u6392\u8113\u3001\u655b\u75ae\u751f\u808c\u7b49\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u5728\u5386\u4ee3\u7ecf\u5178\u540d\u65b9\u4e2d\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u914d\u4f0d\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u5176\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff081\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u4e4c\u5934\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5982\u4e4c\u5934\u6c64\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u8865\u76ca\u6c14\u8840\uff0c\u5b9e\u8160\u7406\uff0c\u56fa\u536b\u6c14\uff0c\u52a9\u9ebb\u9ec4\u3001\u5236\u5ddd\u4e4c\u9a71\u6563\u5bd2\u90aa\uff0c\u6e29\u7ecf\u6b62\u75db\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u9632\u9ebb\u9ec4\u53d1\u6563\u592a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f7f\u90aa\u53bb\u800c\u6b63\u4e0d\u4f24\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff082\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u6842\u679d\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5982\u6842\u679d\u52a0\u9ec4\u82aa\u6c64\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u76ca\u6c14\u56fa\u536b\uff0c\u52a9\u6b63\u795b\u90aa\uff0c\u4f7f\u75c5\u53bb\u800c\u8868\u4e0d\u4f24\uff0c\u5408\u6842\u679d\u6c64\u5171\u594f\u76ca\u6c14\u56fa\u8868\u3001\u901a\u9633\u9664\u6e7f\u4e4b\u6548\uff1b\u53c8\u5982\u9ec4\u82aa\u6842\u679d\u4e94\u7269\u6c64\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u541b\uff0c\u8865\u5728\u8868\u4e4b\u536b\u6c14\uff0c\u4f0d\u6842\u679d\u6563\u98ce\u5bd2\u800c\u6e29\u7ecf\u901a\u75f9\uff0c\u6842\u679d\u5f97\u9ec4\u82aa\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u4f7f\u536b\u9633\u5f97\u4ee5\u632f\u594b\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u5f97\u6842\u679d\uff0c\u56fa\u8868\u800c\u4e0d\u7559\u90aa\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5171\u594f\u76ca\u6c14\u6e29\u7ecf\u3001\u548c\u8840\u901a\u75f9\u4e4b\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff083\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u9974\u7cd6\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5982\u9ec4\u82aa\u5efa\u4e2d\u6c64\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u76ca\u6c14\u751f\u8840\u3001\u76ca\u536b\u56fa\u8868\u4e4b\u8981\u836f\uff0c\u914d\u4f0d\u9974\u7cd6\u4ee5\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u5065\u813e\u548c\u80c3\uff0c\u7f13\u6025\u6b62\u75db\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u52b3\u5026\u5185\u4f24\uff0c\u91cc\u6025\u8179\u75db\u7b49\u865a\u52b3\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff084\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u767d\u828d\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5982\u9ec4\u82aa\u828d\u836f\u6842\u679d\u82e6\u9152\u6c64\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u6e29\u5206\u8089\uff0c\u5b9e\u8160\u7406\uff0c\u5229\u5c0f\u4fbf\uff0c\u6cfb\u9634\u706b\uff0c\u89e3\u808c\u70ed\uff0c\u914d\u4f0d\u767d\u828d\u76ca\u9634\u548c\u8425\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u9ec4\u6c57\u8868\u865a\u6d25\u4f24\u751a\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff085\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u767d\u672f\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5982\u7389\u5c4f\u98ce\u6563\uff0c\u4ee5\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u541b\uff0c\u5185\u53ef\u8865\u813e\u80ba\u4e4b\u6c14\uff0c\u5916\u53ef\u56fa\u8868\u6b62\u6c57\uff0c\u914d\u4f0d\u767d\u672f\u5065\u813e\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u813e\u6c14\u65fa\u5219\u571f\u80fd\u751f\u91d1\uff0c\u80ba\u91d1\u8db3\u5219\u53ef\u52a9\u9ec4\u82aa\u56fa\u8868\u5b9e\u536b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c57\u4e0d\u5916\u6cc4\uff0c\u5916\u90aa\u96be\u4fb5\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff086\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u5f53\u5f52\uff1a<\/p>\n

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\uff087\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u9632\u5df1\uff1a<\/p>\n

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\uff088\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u9f99\u773c\u8089\uff1a<\/p>\n

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\uff089\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u5347\u9ebb\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5982\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\u6c64\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u5347\u9633\u56fa\u8868\u4e3a\u541b\u836f\uff0c\u914d\u4f0d\u5c11\u91cf\u5347\u9ebb\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u5347\u9633\u4e3e\u9677\uff0c\u52a9\u4ee5\u5347\u63d0\u4e0b\u9677\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6c14\uff0c\u4e09\u836f\u5408\u7528\uff0c\u4e3a\u8865\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff0810\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u7261\u86ce\uff1a<\/p>\n

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\uff0811\uff09\u914d\u4f0d\u5730\u9f99\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5982\u8865\u9633\u8fd8\u4e94\u6c64\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u5927\u8865\u813e\u80c3\u4e4b\u5143\u6c14\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c14\u65fa\u8840\u884c\uff0c\u7600\u53bb\u7edc\u901a\u3002\u914d\u4f0d\u5730\u9f99\u901a\u7ecf\u6d3b\u7edc\uff0c\u8be5\u836f\u529b\u4e13\u5584\u8d70\uff0c\u5468\u884c\u5168\u8eab\uff0c\u52a9\u884c\u836f\u529b\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u8865\u6c14\u836f\u4e0e\u5c11\u91cf\u6d3b\u8840\u836f\u76f8\u4f0d\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c14\u65fa\u8840\u884c\u4ee5\u6cbb\u672c\uff0c\u795b\u7600\u901a\u7edc\u4ee5\u6cbb\u6807\uff0c\u6807\u672c\u517c\u987e\uff0c\u4f7f\u8865\u6c14\u800c\u4e0d\u58c5\u6ede\uff0c\u6d3b\u8840\u53c8\u4e0d\u4f24\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n

\u859b\u76df\u5e94\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u65f6\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u9002\u7684\u914d\u4f0d\u6765\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u5927\u5242\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u4e09\u4e03\u914d\u4f0d\u6cbb\u7597\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\u4e4b\u5fc3\u75db\u671f\u524d\u6536\u7f29\u6216\u5fc3\u623f\u7ea4\u98a4\uff0c\u5728\u6d3b\u8840\u5316\u7600\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u8865\u76ca\u6b63\u6c14\uff1b\u6cbb\u7597\u80c3\u75c5\u65f6\u5e38\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u515a\u53c2\u3001\u767d\u828d\u3001\u7518\u8349\u7b49\u76f8\u914d\uff0c\u5728\u91cd\u89c6\u517b\u62a4\u80c3\u6c14\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u517c\u987e\u809d\u813e\uff1b\u6cbb\u7597\u80be\u708e\u65f6\u5e38\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u9632\u5df1\u76f8\u914d\uff0c\u4ece\u76ca\u80be\u9633\u4ee5\u6d88\u9634\u7ff3\uff0c\u5347\u813e\u9633\u4ee5\u6cbb\u5185\u6e7f\u7acb\u6cd51\u3002\u8bb8\u5360\u6c11\u6559\u6388\u5e94\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u65f6\u5e38\u6839\u636e\u75c5\u75c7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7075\u6d3b\u8fdb\u884c\u914d\u4f0d\u3002\u76ca\u5143\u6c14\uff0c\u8865\u80ba\u813e\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u4eba\u53c2\u3001\u8089\u6842\u5408\u7528\uff1b\u8865\u5143\u6c14\uff0c\u5347\u9633\u6c14\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u767d\u672f\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u540c\u7528\uff1b\u8865\u865a\u52b3\uff0c\u89e3\u808c\u70ed\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u6842\u679d\u3001\u4e39\u76ae\u914d\u7528\uff1b\u56fa\u8868\u6b62\u6c57\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u7261\u86ce\u3001\u6d6e\u5c0f\u9ea6\u540c\u7528\uff1b\u5229\u6c34\u6d88\u80bf\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u6c49\u9632\u5df1\u3001\u767d\u672f\u914d\u7528\uff1b\u5316\u751f\u8363\u8840\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u5f53\u5f52\u5408\u7528\uff1b\u901a\u8c03\u8840\u8109\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u5ddd\u828e\u3001\u8d64\u828d\u914d\u4f0d2\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u50a8\u6c34\u946b.\u859b\u76df\u8fd0\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u914d\u65b9\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u4e2d\u533b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c2000\uff083\uff09\uff1a147.<\/p>\n

2 \u5f20\u4e00\u6615\uff0c\u5f20\u4f1a\u73cd.\u8bb8\u5360\u6c11\u6559\u6388\u8fd0\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u6cb3\u5317\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c2003\uff084\uff09\uff1a33-34.<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u82aa\u914d\u751f\u5730\uff0c\u4e43\u590f\u7fd4\u6559\u6388\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u836f\u5bf93\u3002\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u89c1\u820c\u8d28\u7ea2\u8005\uff0c\u7528\u7518\u6e29\u4e4b\u9ec4\u82aa\u52a0\u751f\u5730\u9ec4\u914d\u6210\u836f\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ee5\u5236\u7ea6\u9ec4\u82aa\u6e29\u71e5\u4e4b\u836f\u6027\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u6b64\u5473\uff0c\u674e\u6772\u8a00\u5176\u201c\u65e2\u8865\u4e09\u7126\uff0c\u5b9e\u536b\u6c14\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u672c\u8349\u6c47\u8a00\u300b\u8bb0\u4e3a\u201c\u9a71\u98ce\u8fd0\u6bd2\u201d\u4e4b\u54c1\uff0c\u300a\u672c\u7ecf\u300b\u8c13\u4e4b\u201c\u901a\u8c03\u8840\u8109\uff0c\u6d41\u884c\u7ecf\u7edc\uff0c\u53ef\u65e0\u788d\u4e8e\u58c5\u6ede\u4e5f\u201d\u3002\u751f\u5730\u4e00\u836f\uff0c\u300a\u672c\u8349\u9022\u539f\u300b\u8f7d\u5176\u201c\u5185\u4e13\u51c9\u8840\u6ecb\u9634\uff0c\u5916\u6da6\u76ae\u80a4\u8363\u6cfd\uff0c\u75c5\u4eba\u865a\u800c\u6709\u70ed\u8005\u5b9c\u52a0\u7528\u4e4b\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u672c\u7ecf\u300b\u4e91\u5176\u201c\u9010\u8840\u75f9\uff0c\u586b\u9aa8\u9ad3\uff0c\u957f\u808c\u8089\u2026\u2026\u751f\u8005\u5c24\u826f\u201d\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u7518\u6e29\uff0c\u8865\u76ca\u80ba\u813e\u6c14\u9633\uff0c\u751f\u5730\u9ec4\u7518\u5bd2\uff0c\u6ecb\u517b\u809d\u80be\u9634\u8840\u3002\u4e00\u9634\u4e00\u9633\uff0c\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\uff0c\u5171\u594f\u6ecb\u9634\u51c9\u8840\u3001\u76ca\u6c14\u57f9\u5143\u3001\u8832\u75f9\u751f\u808c\u3001\u8fbe\u90aa\u795b\u6bd2\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u836f\u7406\u62a5\u9053\u751f\u5730\u9ec4\u5177\u7c7b\u6fc0\u7d20\u6837\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u6709\u63d0\u9ad8\u53ca\u8c03\u8282\u514d\u75ab\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6545\u4e8c\u8005\u914d\u4f0d\u53c8\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u8c03\u8282\u673a\u4f53\u514d\u75ab\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u62ee\u6297\u53d8\u6001\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u708e\u75c7\uff0c\u6291\u5236\u53d8\u6001\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ee3\u8c22\u7b49\u836f\u7406\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0e\u514d\u75ab\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7591\u96be\u6742\u75c5\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u529f\u6548\u3002\u53ef\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u98ce\u6e7f\u70ed\u3001\u7c7b\u98ce\u6e7f\u5173\u8282\u708e\u3001\u5e72\u71e5\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u53ca\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7ea2\u6591\u72fc\u75ae\u7b49\u81ea\u8eab\u514d\u75ab\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u5c5e\u7591\u96be\u987d\u75c7\uff0c\u5e38\u6709\u809d\u80be\u6c14\u9634\u4e24\u4f24\u3001\u90aa\u70ed\u6df1\u5165\u8425\u8840\u7684\u75c5\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u591a\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5982\u4f4e\u70ed\u8d77\u4f0f\uff0c\u5173\u8282\u75bc\u75db\uff0c\u76ae\u80a4\u3001\u5185\u810f\u635f\u5bb3\uff0c\u514d\u75ab\u6307\u6807\u5f02\u5e38\u7b49\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u6027\u6e29\uff0c\u9634\u865a\u9633\u4ea2\u8005\u5fcc\u7528\uff0c\u751f\u5730\u7518\u5bd2\uff0c\u813e\u80c3\u8584\u5f31\u8005\u614e\u670d\uff0c\u4e8c\u836f\u540c\u65bd\uff0c\u5219\u80fd\u626c\u957f\u6291\u77ed\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e34\u5e8a\u5e94\u7528\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u8f83\u5c11\u7981\u5fcc\u3002\u751f\u5730\u5242\u91cf\u56e0\u75c5\u56e0\u8bc1\u800c\u8c03\u6574\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u590d\u53d1\u6027\u53e3\u8154\u6e83\u75a1\uff0c\u6162\u6027\u708e\u75c7\u5982\u80be\u76c2\u80be\u708e\u3001\u54bd\u5589\u708e\u7b49\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u5242\u91cf\u5927\u4e8e\u751f\u5730\uff1b\u81ea\u8eab\u514d\u75ab\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u8fc7\u654f\u6027\u76ae\u80a4\u75c5\u7b49\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u751f\u5730\u5242\u91cf\u80dc\u4e8e\u9ec4\u82aa\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u91cf15\uff5e60g\uff0c\u751f\u5730\u5242\u91cf15\uff5e120g\u3002\u813e\u80c3\u8584\u5f31\u8005\uff0c\u751f\u5730\u5242\u91cf\u7531\u5c11\u6e10\u591a\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u4e3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

3 \u8096\u71d5\u5029\uff0c\u9648\u65fb\uff0c\u590f\u51b0.\u590f\u7fd4\u91cd\u7528\u5bf9\u836f\u9ec4\u82aa\u751f\u5730\u9a8c\u6848\u4e3e\u9685\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u56db\u5ddd\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c1999\uff086\uff09\uff1a5-6.<\/p>\n

8.4\u3000\u7528\u91cf\u714e\u716e<\/p>\n

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1 \u9093\u94c1\u6d9b.\u8015\u4e91\u533b\u8bdd\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u65b0\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c1986\uff0812\uff09\uff1a31\uff0c47.<\/p>\n

2 \u9093\u94c1\u6d9b.\u8015\u4e91\u533b\u8bdd\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u65b0\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c1987\uff081\uff09\uff1a41.<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u533b\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u65e2\u80fd\u5347\u9633\u4e3e\u9677\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u5229\u5c3f\uff1b\u73b0\u4ee3\u836f\u7406\u9ec4\u82aa\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u5fc3\u808c\u7684\u6536\u7f29\u529b\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5fc3\u808c\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u6269\u5f20\u8840\u7ba1\u548c\u51a0\u72b6\u52a8\u8109\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u8840\u538b\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u662f\u4e00\u5473\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u529b\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u7406\u6027\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u8c03\u8282\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u65e2\u80fd\u5347\u9ad8\u4f4e\u8840\u7cd6\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u9ad8\u8840\u7cd6\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0d\u540c\u8c03\u8282\u4f5c\u7528\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u914d\u4f0d\u548c\u5242\u91cf\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u91cf\u5dee\u5f02\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u8f7b\u800510\uff5e20g\u5373\u53ef\uff1b\u82e5\u914d\u4f0d\u6842\u679d\u3001\u7518\u8349\u7b49\u76ca\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u5347\u538b\uff0c\u4e2d\u7b4915\uff5e30g\uff1b\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u964d\u538b\u6444\u8840\uff0c\u5927\u91cf30\uff5e60g\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u5927\u5242\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u8865\u6c14\u5316\u7600\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u714c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f20\u4ef2\u666f\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5242\u91cf\u6bb5\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa\u5927\u91cf\u6cbb\u7597\u6c34\u6c14\u3001\u9ec4\u6c57\u3001\u6d6e\u80bf\uff08\u4e94\u4e24\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u91cf\u6cbb\u7597\u98ce\u75f9\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec1\uff08\u4e09\u4e24\uff09\uff0c\u5c0f\u91cf\u6cbb\u7597\u865a\u52b3\u4e0d\u8db3\uff08\u4e00\u4e24\u534a\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e94\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5f20\u4ef2\u666f\u7684\u7528\u836f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9002\u5f53\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5982\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\u6d6e\u80bf\uff0c\u91cf\u53ef\u8fbe60\uff5e100g\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u534a\u8eab\u4e0d\u9042\uff0c\u9aa8\u8d28\u589e\u751f\u75bc\u75db\u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u752830\uff5e60g\uff1b\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d88\u5316\u9053\u6e83\u75a1\uff0c\u53ef\u752815\uff5e30g\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e0a\u9ec4\u82aa\u6709\u751f\u7528\u548c\u7099\u7528\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u7126\u6811\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u751f\u7528\u504f\u4e8e\u8d70\u8868\uff0c\u80fd\u56fa\u8868\u6b62\u6c57\uff0c\u6258\u91cc\u6392\u8113\uff0c\u655b\u75ae\u6536\u53e3\uff1b\u7099\u7528\u91cd\u5728\u8d70\u91cc\uff0c\u80fd\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u5347\u63d0\u4e2d\u7126\u6e05\u6c14\uff0c\u8865\u6c14\u751f\u8840\uff0c\u5229\u5c3f\u3002\u800c\u9ec4\u82aa\u76ae\u529f\u7528\u540c\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u4f46\u5584\u4e8e\u8d70\u8868\uff0c\u504f\u4e8e\u56fa\u8868\u6b62\u6c57\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c14\u865a\u6c34\u80bf\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u91cf\u4e3a3\uff5e10g\uff0c\u91cd\u75c5\u6216\u9700\u8981\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u81f330\uff5e120g\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u80f8\u95f7\u80c3\u6ee1\uff0c\u8868\u5b9e\u90aa\u65fa\uff0c\u6c14\u5b9e\u591a\u6012\u8005\u52ff\u75281\u3002\u949f\u6d2a\u7b49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u76db\u90aa\u5b9e\u65f6\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u91cf\u504f\u5c11\uff0c\u6b63\u865a\u90aa\u5c11\u65f6\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u91cf\u504f\u5927\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u91cf5\uff5e10g\u80fd\u5347\u9633\u4e3e\u9677\uff0c15\uff5e30g\u5229\u5c3f\u4f5c\u7528\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u81f350\uff5e60g\u5219\u5c3f\u91cf\u53cd\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u6c14\u865a\u4e0d\u6444\u3001\u591c\u5c3f\u6216\u5c3f\u9891\u6e05\u957f\u5219\u9700\u752850\uff5e80g\u4ee5\u76ca\u6c14\u56fa\u6444\uff0c\u8111\u4e2d\u98ce\u540e\u9057\u5f1b\u7f13\u6027\u762b\u75ea\u5b9c30\uff5e50g\u65b9\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u5176\u76ca\u6c14\u6d3b\u8840\u901a\u7edc\u4e4b\u65482\u3002\u90d1\u864e\u5360\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u836f\u914d\u4f0d\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u4e3a\uff1a\u2460\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u77e5\u6bcd\u76f8\u914d\uff0c\u63091\u22361\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u65f6\u529f\u80fd\u76ca\u9634\u6e05\u70ed\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u9634\u865a\u5185\u70ed\u8bc1\uff1b\u82e5\u63092\u22361\u62163\u22361\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u5728\u8865\u6c14\uff0c\u53d8\u6e29\u8865\u4e3a\u5e73\u8865\uff0c\u7528\u5c0f\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u77e5\u6bcd\u76f8\u914d\uff0c\u5236\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e4b\u504f\u6e29\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u8865\u800c\u65e0\u6e29\u71e5\u592a\u8fc7\u4e4b\u8651\u3002\u2461\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u5f53\u5f52\u76f8\u914d\uff0c\u5f53\u7528\u91cf\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a5\u22361\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u8865\u6c14\u751f\u8840\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u8840\u865a\u8bc1\u6216\u6c14\u8840\u4e24\u865a\u8bc1\u3002\u2462\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u914d\u9632\u98ce\u63091\u22361\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u8d70\u8868\u6276\u6b63\u795b\u90aa\uff0c\u63094\u22361\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u5165\u91cc\u8865\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u3002\u2463\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u4eba\u53c2\u7b49\u5206\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u8865\u80ba\u80be\uff0c\u5b9a\u5598\u55fd\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u80ba\u80be\u4e24\u865a\u4e4b\u5598\u54b3\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u9ec4\u82aa\u91cf\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u9886\u4eba\u53c2\u51fa\u8868\uff0c\u4eba\u53c2\u91cf\u5927\u5219\u9886\u9ec4\u82aa\u5165\u91cc\u3002\u2464\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u7518\u8349\u63096\u22361\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u914d\u4f0d\uff0c\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u505a\u6c64\u5242\u5165\u836f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8865\u6c14\u901a\u6dcb\uff1b\u5c0f\u5242\u91cf\u4f5c\u6563\u5242\u5165\u836f\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u548c\u4e94\u810f\u3002\u2465\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u832f\u82d3\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a1\u22362\u65f6\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u6c14\u865a\u6c34\u80bf\uff0c\u5c0f\u4fbf\u4e0d\u5229\u6548\u679c\u8f83\u597d\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u91cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fc7\u5927\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5176\u5347\u63d0\u4e4b\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u832f\u82d3\u6e17\u5229\u4e4b\u529f\u3002\u2466\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u5347\u9ebb\u76f8\u914d\uff0c\u5f53\u5242\u91cf\u6bd4\u7ea6\u4e3a5\u22361\uff5e3\u22361\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u5728\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\uff1b\u5f53\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a5\u22363\u65f6\uff0c\u5347\u63d0\u529b\u5f3a\uff0c\u91cd\u5728\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7126\u4e4b\u865a\u3002\u2467\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u6843\u4ec1\u3001\u7ea2\u82b1\u3001\u5f53\u5f52\u5c3e\u3001\u8d64\u828d\u3001\u5ddd\u828e\u3001\u5730\u9f99\u76f8\u914d\uff0c\u5f53\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u5242\u91cf\u8fbe\u5230\u5168\u65b9\u768484%\u65f6\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u6c14\u865a\u8840\u7600\u4e4b\u4e2d\u98ce\u534a\u8eab\u4e0d\u9042\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u7597\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u7126\u6811\u5fb7.\u7528\u836f\u5fc3\u5f97\u5341\u8bb2\uff3bM\uff3d.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u536b\u751f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2005.<\/p>\n

2 \u949f\u6d2a\uff0c\u8d75\u6d01\uff0c\u81e7\u5803\u5802.\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e34\u5e8a\u5999\u7528\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u7b2c\u4e00\u519b\u533b\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c2005\uff081\uff09\uff1a52-53.<\/p>\n

8.5\u3000\u533b\u6848\u7cbe\u9009<\/p>\n

8.5.1\u3000\u518d\u751f\u969c\u788d\u6027\u8d2b\u8840\u2014\u2014\u7518\u6e29\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u9178\u7518\u5316\u9634\uff08\u5f20\u742a\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u738b\u67d0\uff0c\u7537\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u30021972\u5e748\u670817\u65e5\u5916\u9662\u4f1a\u8bca\u3002\u75c5\u4eba\u8bca\u65ad\u4e3a\u518d\u751f\u969c\u788d\u6027\u8d2b\u8840\uff0c\u7ecf\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0d\u6548\u3002\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d2.5g\/dl\u3001\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de180\u4e07\/mm3\u3001\u767d\u7ec6\u80de2 900\/mm3\uff0c\u8840\u5c0f\u677f5\u4e07\/mm3\uff0c\u4e2d\u533b\u8bca\u5bdf\uff1a\u9762\u8272\u82cd\u767d\uff0c\u53e3\u5507\u820c\u6de1\u767d\uff0c\u722a\u7532\u6de1\uff0c\u6c14\u77ed\u4e0d\u7eed\uff0c\u5fc3\u60b8\uff0c\u5934\u7729\u89c6\u7269\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u8179\u80c0\u4fbf\u6e8f\uff0c\u65e5\u884c1\uff5e2\u6b21\uff0c\u5168\u8eab\u6c14\u529b\u4e0d\u652f\uff0c\u8109\u6c89\u5f31\u800c\u6570\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u9700\u8f93\u8840500ml\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n

\u636e\u8109\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5f53\u5c5e\u5fc3\u813e\u9633\u865a\u3001\u6c14\u8840\u53cc\u4e8f\u4e4b\u8bc1\u3002\u201c\u5fc3\u751f\u8840\u201d\u201c\u813e\u7edf\u8840\u201d\uff0c\u9633\u6c14\u865a\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\uff0c\u5b9c\u7518\u6e29\u76ca\u6c14\u4ee5\u6276\u5fc3\u813e\u4e4b\u9633\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8f85\u4ee5\u9178\u7518\u4e4b\u54c1\u4ee5\u76ca\u9634\u3002\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa45g\uff0c\u515a\u53c240g\uff0c\u767d\u672f15g\uff0c\u4e91\u82d320g\uff0c\u5f53\u5f5225g\uff0c\u9178\u67a3\u4ec120g\uff0c\u9f99\u773c\u808915g\uff0c\u8fdc\u5fd715g\uff0c\u9996\u4e4c25g\uff0c\u83df\u4e1d\u5b5020g\uff0c\u7518\u834910g\uff0c\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u65e5\u4e8c\u6b21\u670d\u3002\u6cbb\u7597\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff1a\u81ea1972\u5e748\u670817\u65e5\u6295\u4e0a\u65b9\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6bcf\u5468\u4ecd\u9700\u8f93\u8840\u4e00\u6b21500ml\uff0c\u670d\u836f\u81f31972\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8f93\u8840\u5373\u80fd\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u75c7\u72b6\u7686\u660e\u663e\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u8179\u80c0\u4fbf\u6e8f\u5df2\u6108\uff0c\u9762\u8272\u8f6c\u6da6\uff0c\u5fc3\u60b8\u7761\u7720\u7686\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u5168\u8eab\u8f83\u524d\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u8109\u6c89\u820c\u6de1\u7ea2\uff0c\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d8.5g\/dl\uff0c\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de261\u4e07\/mm3\uff0c\u767d\u7ec6\u80de3 100\/mm3\uff0c\u8840\u5c0f\u677f8\u4e07\/mm3\u3002\u7528\u4e0a\u65b9\u65e0\u5927\u589e\u51cf\uff0c\u52301973\u5e743\u6708\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d\u4e0a\u5347\u81f312g\/dl\uff0c\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de400\u4e07\/mm3\uff0c\u767d\u7ec6\u80de5 000\/mm3\uff0c\u8840\u5c0f\u677f9\u4e07\/mm3\uff0c\u75c7\u72b6\u5168\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u8109\u820c\u7686\u6062\u590d\u5982\u5e38\u4eba\u800c\u51fa\u96621\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u5f20\u4f69\u6e05\uff0c\u6731\u6c38\u5fd7.\u5f20\u742a\u4e34\u8bc1\u7ecf\u9a8c\u835f\u8981\uff3bM\uff3d.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1993.<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u672c\u6848\u5c5e\u5fc3\u813e\u9633\u865a\uff0c\u6c14\u8840\u53cc\u4e8f\u578b\uff0c\u6709\u9762\u8272\u82cd\u767d\uff0c\u5507\u7532\u6de1\u767d\uff0c\u8179\u80c0\u4fbf\u6e8f\uff0c\u5fc3\u60b8\u6c14\u77ed\uff0c\u8109\u6c89\u5f31\u7b49\u5fc3\u813e\u9633\u6c14\u865a\u8bc1\u5019\u3002\u65b9\u4e2d\u9ec4\u82aa\u3001\u515a\u53c2\u3001\u767d\u672f\u7518\u6e29\u8865\u76ca\u813e\u6c14\uff0c\u8fdc\u5fd7\u3001\u9f99\u773c\u8089\u3001\u832f\u82d3\u3001\u9178\u67a3\u4ec1\u3001\u9996\u4e4c\u3001\u83df\u4e1d\u5b50\u8865\u8840\u517b\u5fc3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u672c\u75c5\u4e34\u5e8a\u68c0\u9a8c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u8840\u7ec6\u80de\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u5f20\u6559\u6388\u5e76\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u8865\u8840\u5242\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u8fa8\u8bc1\u65bd\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fa8\u8bc1\u4e3a\u5fc3\u813e\u4e24\u865a\uff0c\u5904\u4ee5\u5f52\u813e\u6c64\u52a0\u5473\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u81f345g\uff0c\u8865\u6c14\u751f\u8840\u3001\u5347\u9633\u6b62\u6cfb\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u60a3\u8005\u4fbf\u6e8f\u3001\u4e4f\u529b\u3001\u8109\u6c89\u5f31\u7b49\u75c7\u72b6\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u5177\u6709\u8c03\u8282\u514d\u75ab\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5176\u6c34\u714e\u6db2\u5bf9\u9020\u8840\u529f\u80fd\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8bc4\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u8865\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u4e4b\u8981\u836f\uff0c\u6c14\u80fd\u751f\u8840\uff0c\u6c14\u80fd\u6444\u8840\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u65e2\u8865\u6c14\u53c8\u5347\u4e2d\u7126\u813e\u9633\uff0c\u813e\u4e3a\u540e\u5929\u4e4b\u672c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8fd0\u5316\uff0c\u4e43\u6c14\u8840\u751f\u5316\u4e4b\u6e90\uff0c\u6545\u300a\u5185\u7ecf\u300b\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u7126\u53d7\u6c14\u53d6\u6c41\uff0c\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u8d64\uff0c\u662f\u8c13\u8840\u3002\u201d\u4e2d\u533b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8840\u6db2\u5148\u5929\u751f\u6210\u5728\u4e8e\u80be\uff0c\u540e\u5929\u4e4b\u6765\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u813e\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e0e\u515a\u53c2\u76f8\u987b\u4e3a\u7528\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u76ca\u6c14\u5347\u9633\u5065\u813e\u8fbe\u5230\u8865\u6c14\u751f\u8840\u4e4b\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

8.5.2\u3000\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\u3001\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5168\u2014\u2014\u9ec4\u82aa\u6842\u679d\u4e94\u7269\u6c64\uff08\u9ec4\u714c\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u767d\u67d0\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u5927\u6c49\u3002\u56e0\u5fc3\u7ede\u75db\u9891\u53d1\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5\u652f\u67b6\u3002\u75db\u867d\u7f13\uff0c\u4ecd\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u7a0d\u7528\u529b\u5373\u6c14\u5598\u5401\u5401\u3002\u65f6\u5df2\u79cb\u51c9\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u6c57\u51fa\u6e7f\u8863\u3002\u5176\u4eba\u80a4\u767d\u800c\u8089\u677e\uff0c\u4e0b\u80a2\u6309\u4e4b\u6709\u538b\u75d5\u3002\u6b64\u300a\u91d1\u532e\u300b\u6240\u8c13\u5c0a\u8363\u4eba\u4e5f\u3002\u9042\u6295\u9ec4\u82aa\u6842\u679d\u4e94\u7269\u6c64\u52a0\u7389\u5c4f\u98ce\u6563\u3001\u845b\u6839\u3001\u5ddd\u828e\u3002\u5cb3\u7f8e\u4e2d\u5148\u751f\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u975e\u5927\u91cf\u4e45\u670d\u4e0d\u6548\u3002\u738b\u6e05\u4efb\u8865\u9633\u8fd8\u4e94\u6c64\u4e2d\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u81f3\u56db\u4e24\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u9ec4\u82aa\u91cf\u5f53\u5927\u3002\u672c\u65b9\u752850g\uff0c\u670d\u540e\u751a\u9002\uff0c\u6c14\u5598\u5927\u5e73\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u4ea6\u632f\uff0c\u672c\u662f\u754f\u670d\u4e2d\u836f\u8005\u4e00\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e50\u6b64\u4e0d\u75b2\u8005\u3002\u89c2\u5f53\u4eca\u6cbb\u7597\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\uff0c\u6bcf\u89c1\u5927\u91cf\u6d3b\u8840\u5316\u7600\uff0c\u6216\u8865\u6c14\u517b\u9634\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4f5c\u8840\u75f9\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0d\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8bc4\uff1a\u9ec4\u714c\u5148\u751f\u66fe\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u6842\u679d\u4e94\u7269\u6c64\u5408\u6842\u679d\u832f\u82d3\u4e38\u6cbb\u7597\u738b\u67d0\u51a0\u72b6\u52a8\u8109\u642d\u6865\u672f\u540e\uff0c\u591a\u53d1\u6027\u808c\u708e\u75c5\u4f8b\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u7537\uff0c58\u5c81\uff0c\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa80g\uff0c\u6842\u679d20g\uff0c\u8089\u684210g\uff0c\u8d64\u828d40g\uff0c\u767d\u828d20g\uff0c\u4e39\u53c220g\uff0c\u4e39\u76ae12g\uff0c\u6843\u4ec120g\uff0c\u6000\u725b\u819d60g\uff0c\u7d2b\u834920g\uff0c\u751f\u59dc4\u7247\uff0c\u7ea2\u67a320\u679a\u3002\u51e1\u80fd\u98df\u800c\u65e0\u529b\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u6307\u5f81\uff0c\u738b\u6e05\u4efb\u8865\u9633\u8fd8\u4e94\u6c64\u4e2d\u9ec4\u82aa\u7528\u5230\u56db\u4e24\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e120g\u3002\u725b\u819d\u7528\u5927\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u501f\u9274\u6c5f\u82cf\u7701\u540d\u4e2d\u533b\u5f90\u6587\u534e\u5148\u751f\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u725b\u819d\u6cbb\u7597\u55dc\u94ec\u7ec6\u80de\u7624\u3001\u8179\u8154\u6076\u6027\u80bf\u7624\u7b49\uff0c\u7528\u91cf\u6781\u5927\uff0c\u9ad8\u8fbe250g\u3002\u66fe\u714e\u670d200g\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u65e0\u5f02\u5e38\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u8d64\u828d\u6d3b\u8840\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u8840\u6813\uff0c\u6545\u91cd\u7528\u3002\u6842\u679d\u662f\u901a\u9633\u836f\uff0c\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5168\u8005\uff0c\u6842\u662f\u5fc5\u7528\uff0c\u5f20\u4ef2\u666f\u5f53\u5e74\u6cbb\u7597\u4e25\u91cd\u5fc3\u60b8\u7684\u6842\u679d\u52a0\u6842\u6c64\uff0c\u5219\u6842\u679d\u7528\u81f3\u4e94\u4e24\u3002\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5168\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5fc3\u8870\uff0c\u591a\u6709\u8bb0\u8f7d2\u3002<\/p>\n

2 \u9ec4\u714c.\u9ec4\u714c\u7ecf\u65b9\u6c99\u9f99\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\uff09\uff3bM\uff3d.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2007.<\/p>\n

8.5.3\u3000\u5fc3\u8870\u6848\u2014\u2014\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\uff08\u90ed\u8c26\u4ea8\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4f59\u67d0\uff0c\u5973\uff0c80\u5c81\u30021994\u5e744\u670812\u65e5\u521d\u8bca\u3002\u81ea\u8bc9\u60a3\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\u65f6\u53d1\u623f\u98a4\u5df210\u5e74\u4f59\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5e38\u4e8e\u51ac\u5b63\u52a0\u91cd\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u6c34\u80bf\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u590d\u53d1\uff0c\u4f4f\u9662\u8bca\u65ad\u4e3a\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\uff0c\u5fc3\u623f\u98a4\u52a8\uff0c\u5de6\u5fc3\u8870\u7aed\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u5730\u9ad8\u8f9b\u3001\u544b\u585e\u7c73\u7b49\u836f\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u89c9\u4ee5\u5f80\u670d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u836f\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u51fa\u9662\u6c42\u6cbb\uff0c\u73b0\u75c7\uff1a\u5934\u7729\u6655\uff0c\u5fc3\u60b8\uff0c\u5fc3\u614c\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5fc3\u524d\u533a\u9690\u75db\uff0c\u6c14\u751a\u77ed\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u884c\u8d70\uff0c\u5c0f\u4fbf\u77ed\u9ec4\uff0c\u5927\u4fbf\u4e09\u65e5\u672a\u89e3\uff0c\u8179\u80c0\u6ee1\uff0c\u4e24\u817f\u707c\u70ed\u96be\u5f53\uff0c\u53e3\u71e5\u54bd\u5e72\u4e0d\u6b32\u996e\uff0c\u67e5\u5176\u5f62\u4f53\u67af\u7626\u800c\u6c34\u80bf\uff0c\u9762\u82cd\uff0c\u795e\u6e05\uff0c\u61d2\u8a00\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u4f4e\u5fae\u800c\u4e0d\u65ad\u7eed\uff0c\u4e24\u8db3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6c34\u80bf\u81f3\u819d\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6309\u4e4b\u5982\u6ce5\uff0c\u53f3\u80c1\u4e0b\u75de\u5757\uff08\u809d\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u820c\u8d28\u5149\u5265\u65e0\u82d4\uff0c\u800c\u5c11\u6d25\u7d2b\u6697\uff0c\u8109\u5448\u96c0\u5544\u4e4b\u8c61\uff0c\u8fa8\u8bc1\uff1a\u6c14\u9634\u8870\u7aed\uff0c\u6d4a\u6c34\u505c\u805a\uff0c\u7600\u8840\u963b\u6ede\uff0c\u683c\u9633\u4e8e\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u8131\u7aed\u4e4b\u52bf\uff0c\u75c5\u9669\u3002\u6cbb\u5b9c\u76ca\u6c14\u6ecb\u9634\uff0c\u5229\u6c34\u901a\u6d25\uff0c\u8f85\u4ee5\u901a\u4e0b\u6d3b\u8840\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u65b9\u7528\u751f\u8109\u996e\u52a0\u9632\u5df1\u832f\u82d3\u6c64\u5316\u88c1\uff0c\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u2460\u7ea2\u53c225g\uff0c\u4e94\u5473\u5b5015g\uff0c\u9ea6\u51ac30g\uff0c\u751f\u5730\u9ec415g\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa90g\uff0c\u767d\u672f20g\uff0c\u6cfd\u6cfb20g\uff0c\u832f\u82d320g\uff0c\u858f\u82e1\u4ec115g\uff0c\u4e39\u53c220g\uff0c\u6d53\u714e2\u65e51\u5242\uff0c\u670d4\u5242\uff0c\u5631\u8fdb\u4f4e\u76d0\u996e\u98df\u3002\u2461\u5927\u9ec410g\uff0c\u6ce1\u670d\uff0c\u4fbf\u89e3\u5219\u505c\u540e\u670d\u30024\u670825\u65e5\u590d\u8bca\uff0c\u4e0a\u65b9\u670d4\u5242\uff0c\u5927\u4fbf\u901a\uff0c\u5c0f\u4fbf\u9010\u65e5\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6c34\u80bf\u6e10\u6d88\uff0c\u4e24\u817f\u707c\u70ed\u5927\u51cf\uff0c\u8bf8\u75c7\u5747\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7f13\u89e3\uff0c\u53c8\u81ea\u914d\u2460\u65b92\u5242\u670d\u7528\uff0c\u6c34\u80bf\u5168\u6d88\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u5ba4\u5185\u8d70\u52a8\uff0c\u8bf8\u75c7\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u611f\u5934\u6655\u4e4f\u529b\uff0c\u67e5\u5176\u5934\u524d\u503e\u4f3c\u65e0\u529b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e00\u8eab\u67af\u69c1\u4f3c\u76ae\u5305\u9aa8\u72b6\uff0c\u820c\u8d28\u5149\u5265\u65e0\u82d4\u800c\u6709\u6d25\uff0c\u8109\u6c89\u7ec6\u800c\u4e0d\u8c03\uff0c\u672a\u89c1\u96c0\u5544\u4e4b\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u6c14\u9634\u56de\u590d\uff0c\u6d4a\u6c34\u6d88\u9000\uff0c\u9633\u6c14\u901a\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f46\u75c5\u6839\u672a\u9664\uff0c\u5143\u6c14\u5927\u4f24\uff0c\u4ee5\u9ea6\u5473\u5730\u9ec4\u4e38\u52a0\u53c2\u82aa\u4e0e\u670d\uff0c\u8c03\u517b\u5584\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u8bca1\u6708\u4f59\uff0c\u75c5\u60c5\u7a33\u5b9a1\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u7530\u5143\u7965.\u4e2d\u533b\u540d\u5bb6\u8bca\u65ad\u533b\u6848\u7cbe\u9009\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff3bM\uff3d.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u533b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2007.<\/p>\n

\u8bc4\uff1a\u6b64\u6848\u60a3\u800580\u5c81\uff0c\u60a3\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\u5e76\u623f\u98a4\u5df210\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9634\u9633\u4ff1\u865a\uff0c\u4f53\u67af\u6c34\u80bf\uff0c\u5fc3\u60b8\u5fc3\u614c\uff0c\u7600\u8840\u963b\u6ede\uff0c\u4e14\u6c14\u865a\u5c24\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u90ed\u8001\u5148\u751f\u91c7\u7528\u751f\u8109\u996e\u52a0\u9632\u5df1\u832f\u82d3\u6c64\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa90g\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u4e0e\u7ea2\u53c2\u76f8\u987b\u4e3a\u7528\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u8865\u6c14\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u914d\u82d3\u672f\u6cfd\u6cfb\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5229\u6c34\u4e4b\u6548\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f0d\u4e39\u53c2\u52a0\u5f3a\u5316\u7600\u901a\u7edc\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u4e00\u836f\u4e09\u5f97\u3002<\/p>\n

8.5.4\u3000\u5507\u90e8\u9ad8\u5206\u5316\u9cde\u72b6\u7ec6\u80de\u764c\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa<\/p>\n

\u60a3\u8005\u6768\u67d0\uff0c\u7537\uff0c88\u5c81\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u4e8e2014\u5e745\u6708\u521d\u65e0\u660e\u663e\u8bf1\u56e0\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u53f3\u4e0b\u5507\u80bf\u75db\uff0c\u521d\u8d77\u4ee5\u53e3\u8154\u6e83\u75a1\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u6b20\u4f73\u3002\u540e\u56e0\u53f3\u4e0b\u5507\u80bf\u75db\u8f83\u524d\u660e\u663e\u52a0\u91cd\uff0c\u884c\u53f3\u4e0b\u5507\u80bf\u7269\u6d3b\u68c0\uff0c\u75c5\u7406\u793a\uff08\u75c5\u7406\u53f7\uff1a1409564\uff09\uff1a\uff08\u53f3\u4e0b\u5507\u80bf\u7269\uff09\u9ad8\u5206\u5316\u9cde\u72b6\u7ec6\u80de\u764c\u30022014\u5e748\u6708\u521d\u60a3\u8005\u5c31\u8bca\u3002\u73b0\u8bca\uff1a\u60a3\u8005\u53f3\u4e0b\u5507\u80bf\u7269\u5904\u65f6\u6709\u8840\u6db2\u6e17\u51fa\uff0c\u8272\u9ed1\uff0c\u7eb3\u7720\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u5c0f\u4fbf\u9ec4\uff0c\u5927\u4fbf\u786c\u7ed3\uff0c\u820c\u8d28\u6de1\u80d6\uff0c\u82d4\u9ec4\u817b\uff0c\u8109\u5f26\u6ed1\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u65e2\u5f80\u6709\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u75c5\u53f220\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u5e73\u7d20\u80c3\u53e3\u6781\u597d\uff0c\u4f53\u8d28\u8f83\u540c\u9f84\u8001\u4eba\u5f3a\u58ee\u3002\u5bb6\u5c5e\u8981\u6c42\u884c\u4e00\u822c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6cbb\u7597\u3002<\/p>\n

\u60a3\u8005\u4e2d\u533b\u8fa8\u8bc1\u4e3a\u6c14\u6ede\u8840\u7600\uff0c\u75f0\u70ed\u4e92\u7ed3\uff0c\u4ee5\u6807\u5b9e\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6b63\u6c14\u5c1a\u8db3\uff0c\u4e14\u75c5\u53d8\u8868\u6d45\uff0c\u4e0e\u60a3\u8005\u5bb6\u5c5e\u6c9f\u901a\u540e\u91c7\u7528\u4e2d\u836f\u91cd\u5242\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u866b\u7c7b\u836f\u7269\uff09\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u4e2d\u836f\u5904\u65b9\u6cbb\u7597\u671f\u95f4\u6709\u6240\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u65b9\u7528\u56db\u5999\u52c7\u5b89\u6c64\u5408\u4ed9\u65b9\u6d3b\u547d\u996e\u52a0\u51cf\uff0c\u836f\u7269\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa100g\uff0c\u91d1\u94f6\u82b150g\uff08\u540e\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u9152\u5927\u9ec430g\uff0c\u83aa\u672f30g\uff0c\u7682\u89d2\u523a30g\uff0c\u5929\u82b1\u7c8930g\uff0c\u7384\u53c230g\uff0c\u58c1\u864e15g\uff0c\u5730\u9f9915g\uff0c\u5168\u874e15g\uff0c\u8708\u86a38\u6761\uff0c\u50f5\u869520g\uff0c\u9ec4\u82a915g\uff0c\u9ec4\u8fde15g\uff0c\u5e72\u59dc10g\uff0c\u767d\u82b715g\uff0c\u5f53\u5f5220g\uff0c\u767d\u828d15g\uff0c\u6d59\u8d1d\u6bcd30g\uff0c\u7099\u7518\u834915g\u3002\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u6bcf\u65e53\u6b21\uff0c\u996d\u540e\u670d\u7528\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u4ece2014\u5e748\u6708\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u670d\u7528\u4e2d\u836f\uff0c11\u67086\u65e5\u590d\u67e5MRI\u63d0\u793a\uff1a\u53f3\u4e0b\u5507\u9ad8\u5206\u5316\u9cde\u764c\u6cbb\u7597\u540e\u590d\u67e5\uff0c\u75c5\u7076\u57fa\u672c\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u6bcf\u96943\u4e2a\u6708\u590d\u67e5MRI\u5747\u663e\u793a\u75c5\u7076\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u672c\u4f8b\u60a3\u8005\u867d\u7136\u9ad8\u9f84\uff0c\u4f46\u4f53\u8d28\u58ee\u5b9e\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u4e2d\u836f\u91cd\u5242\u6cbb\u7597\u672a\u89c1\u4efb\u4f55\u6bd2\u526f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u9ec4\u82aa\u6700\u5927\u91cf\u7528\u5230120g\uff0c\u8840\u538b\u4e5f\u672a\u89c1\u660e\u663e\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u5927\u9ec4\u6700\u5927\u91cf\u7528\u523060g\uff0c\u672a\u89c1\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u4f8b\u60a3\u8005\u5165\u9662\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u867d\u65e0\u8001\u5e74\u75f4\u5446\uff0c\u4f46\u660e\u663e\u53cd\u5e94\u8fdf\u949d\uff0c\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u660e\u663e\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u591a\u9776\u70b9\u591a\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4f18\u52bf1\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u5f90\u7acb\u7fa4.\u4e2d\u836f\u91cd\u5242\u6cbb\u7597\u6076\u6027\u80bf\u7624\u7684\u6587\u732e\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u5e94\u7528\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u6c11\u95f4\u533b\u836f\uff0c2018\uff0c27\uff0814\uff09\uff1a68-70.<\/p>\n

\u8bc4\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u764c\u75c7\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u8109\u8c61\u6216\u865a\u5927\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u5c3a\u8109\u6d6e\uff0c\u7686\u4e3a\u5143\u6c14\u4e8f\u865a\u3001\u6b63\u6c14\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u9ec4\u82aa\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

8.5.5\u3000\u80be\u75c5\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u2014\u2014\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u5927\u91cf\u86cb\u767d\u5c3f\uff08\u5f20\u6631\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u738b\u67d0\u67d0\uff0c\u7537\uff0c46\u5c81\uff0c\u521d\u8bca\u65f6\u53cc\u4e0b\u80a2\u51f9\u9677\u6027\u6c34\u80bf\uff0c\u75b2\u4e4f\uff0c\u5c0f\u4fbf\u6ce1\u6cab\u591a\uff0c\u820c\u6de1\u7ea2\uff0c\u82d4\u767d\u817b\uff0c\u8109\u6c89\u7ec6\u3002\u5c3f\u68c0\uff1a\u86cb\u767d\uff08++++\uff09\uff0c\u6f5c\u8840\uff08++\uff09\uff0c\u751f\u5316\uff1aScr 56\u03bcmol\/L\uff0cALB 34.2g\/L\uff0cTC 6.86mmol\/L\uff0c24h\u5c3f\u86cb\u767d\u5b9a\u91cf7.38g\u3002\u897f\u533b\u8bca\u65ad\uff1a\u80be\u75c5\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u3002\u4e2d\u533b\u8fa8\u8bc1\u4e3a\u813e\u80be\u6c14\u865a\u3002\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa60g\uff0c\u8d64\u828d20g\uff0c\u9632\u98ce10g\uff0c\u91d1\u6a31\u5b5030g\uff0c\u82a1\u5b9e30g\uff0c\u767d\u82b1\u86c7\u820c\u834920g\uff0c\u9c7c\u8165\u834920g\uff0c\u91d1\u94f6\u82b112g\uff0c\u5ddd\u725b\u819d15g\uff0c\u6000\u725b\u819d15g\uff0c\u751f\u675c\u4ef220g\uff0c\u4e39\u53c230g\uff0c\u5ddd\u828e15g\uff0c\u751f\u5c71\u694212g\uff0c\u7a7f\u5c71\u9f9930g\uff0c\u5730\u9f9910g\u30027\u5242\uff0c\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u65e51\u5242\u3002\u4e8c\u8bca\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u53cc\u4e0b\u80a2\u8f7b\u5ea6\u6d6e\u80bf\uff0c\u4f53\u91cd\u51cf\u8f7b\uff0c\u820c\u6697\uff0c\u82d4\u767d\uff0c\u8109\u6c89\u7ec6\u300224h\u5c3f\u86cb\u767d\u5b9a\u91cf\uff1a3.27g\u3002\u5c3f\u68c0\uff1a\u86cb\u767d\uff08++\uff09\uff0c\u6f5c\u8840\uff08-\uff09\u3002\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u4e0a\u65b9\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u52a0\u81f3100g\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4c\u68a2\u86c710g\uff0c\u7ea2\u666f\u592920g\u300214\u5242\u3002\u4e09\u8bca\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u60a3\u8005\u590d\u8bca\uff0c\u8bf8\u75c7\u51cf\u8f7b\uff0c\u54bd\u5589\u4e0d\u9002\u300224h\u5c3f\u86cb\u767d\u5b9a\u91cf\uff1a1.45g\uff0c\u751f\u5316\uff1aALB 38.7g\/L\u3002\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u4e0a\u65b9\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa\u52a0\u81f3200g\uff0c\u52a0\u8749\u871515g\u300214\u5242\uff0c\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u65e51\u5242\u3002\u56db\u8bca\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u4f53\u529b\u53ef\uff0c\u53cc\u4e0b\u80a2\u65e0\u6c34\u80bf\uff0c\u5c0f\u4fbf\u6ce1\u6cab\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u7eb3\u7720\u53ef\uff0c\u820c\u7ea2\uff0c\u82d4\u767d\u817b\uff0c\u8109\u6c89\u7ec6\u3002\u5c3f\u68c0\uff1a\u86cb\u767d\uff08+-\uff09\uff0c\u6f5c\u8840\uff08-\uff09\uff0c24h\u5c3f\u86cb\u767d\u5b9a\u91cf\uff1a625mg\u3002\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u4e0a\u65b9\u52a0\u5236\u4f55\u9996\u4e4c15g\uff0c\u5730\u80a4\u5b5020g\u300214\u5242\uff0c\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u65e51\u5242\u3002\u4e94\u8bca\uff0c\u7ee7\u670d\u4e0a\u65b9\u4e24\u5468\uff0c\u5c3f\u68c0\uff1a\u86cb\u767d\uff08+-\uff09\uff0c\u6f5c\u8840\uff08-\uff09\uff0c24\u5c0f\u65f6\u5c3f\u86cb\u767d\u5b9a\u91cf\uff1a238mg\u3002\u968f\u8bbf\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u672a\u89c1\u590d\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u6162\u6027\u80be\u75c5\u75c5\u56e0\u75c5\u673a\u8f83\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u86cb\u767d\u5c3f\u53cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u7cbe\u5fae\u7269\u8d28\u5927\u91cf\u6d41\u5931\uff0c\u673a\u4f53\u529f\u80fd\u53d7\u635f\u9887\u591a\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u6b63\u6c14\u4e8f\u865a\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u517c\u6709\u6e7f\u90aa\u548c\u7600\u8840\u3002\u5176\u75c5\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u80ba\u3001\u813e\u3001\u80be\u4e09\u810f\u5173\u7cfb\u6700\u4e3a\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u813e\u80be\u6c14\u865a\u517c\u6709\u8840\u7600\u578b\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\u8bc1\u578b\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u91c7\u7528\u52a0\u5473\u9ec4\u82aa\u8d64\u98ce\u6c64\u500d\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u8865\u80be\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u5065\u813e\u5229\u6c34\uff0c\u795b\u98ce\u6d3b\u8840\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa\u5065\u813e\u548c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8865\u80be\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u4e3a\u8865\u6c14\u4e4b\u5723\u836f\uff0c\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u6548\u4e13\u529b\u5b8f\uff0c\u813e\u5f97\u5065\u5219\u7cbe\u5fae\u7559\uff0c\u6c34\u6e7f\u53bb\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u5176\u4f59\u8bf8\u836f\u653b\u8865\u517c\u65bd\uff0c\u836f\u5230\u75c5\u9664\uff0c\u7597\u6548\u663e\u8457\u30022<\/p>\n

2 \u5f20\u79cb\uff0c\u5f20\u6631.\u5f20\u6631\u8fd0\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u6cbb\u7597\u80be\u75c5\u86cb\u767d\u5c3f\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u73b0\u4ee3\u8fdc\u7a0b\u6559\u80b2\uff0c2013\uff0c11\uff0820\uff09\uff1a104-105.<\/p>\n

8.5.6\u3000\u7279\u53d1\u6027\u6c34\u80bf\u2014\u2014\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u9ec4\u82aa\u8865\u6c14\u5229\u6c34\uff08\u96f7\u6839\u5e73\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5218\u4e1c\uff0c\u5973\uff0c45\u5c81\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u53cd\u590d\u5168\u8eab\u6d6e\u80bf4\u5e74\u4f59\uff0c\u7ecf\u671f\u52a0\u91cd\uff0c\u66fe\u5c31\u8bca\u4e8e\u591a\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u4f73\u3002\u8bca\u89c1\u5934\u9762\u53ca\u56db\u80a2\u6c34\u80bf\uff0c\u6d3b\u52a8\u540e\u4e3a\u91cd\uff0c\u4f11\u606f\u540e\u7f13\u89e3\uff0c\u4f34\u795e\u75b2\u4e4f\u529b\uff0c\u8118\u8179\u80c0\u6ee1\uff0c\u7eb3\u5dee\uff0c\u5fc3\u60b8\u6c14\u77ed\uff0c\u5c0f\u4fbf\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u5927\u4fbf\u7a00\u6e8f\uff0c\u65e51\uff5e2\u6b21\uff0c\u820c\u6de1\u80d6\u6697\uff0c\u82d4\u8584\u767d\uff0c\u8109\u5f26\u7ec6\u6da9\u3002\u6708\u7ecf\u7ecf\u671f\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u8840\u5757\u8f83\u591a\u3002\u8840\u5e38\u89c4\u3001\u5c3f\u5e38\u89c4\u3001\u809d\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u80be\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u8179\u90e8B\u8d85\u3001\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u529f\u80fd\u7b49\u68c0\u67e5\u5747\u672a\u89c1\u660e\u663e\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u897f\u533b\u8bca\u65ad\uff1a\u7279\u53d1\u6027\u6c34\u80bf\u3002\u4e2d\u533b\u8bc1\u5c5e\u6c14\u865a\u8840\u7600\uff0c\u6c34\u6e7f\u505c\u7559\u3002\u6cbb\u5f53\u5065\u813e\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u6d3b\u8840\u5229\u6c34\u3002\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u751f\u9ec4\u82aa120g\uff0c\u76ca\u6bcd\u8349100g\uff0c7\u5242\uff0c\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u65e51\u5242\u3002\u836f\u540e\u80bf\u6d88\uff0c\u8bf8\u75c7\u4ea6\u76f8\u7ee7\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u968f\u8bbf1\u5e74\u672a\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u6c34\u80bf\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5\u5355\u7528\u5229\u6c34\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u867d\u6709\u4e00\u65f6\u4e4b\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u7ec8\u96be\u83b7\u6108\u3002\u987b\u6c34\u7600\u5e76\u6cbb\uff0c\u6c14\u8840\u517c\u8c03\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u517c\u987e\uff0c\u76f8\u5f97\u76ca\u5f70\uff0c\u7559\u7600\u5f97\u6d88\u5219\u6c34\u90aa\u81ea\u6563\u3002\u5229\u6c34\u800c\u6c14\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u72b9\u65e0\u5f13\u5c04\u7bad\uff1b\u6d88\u80bf\u800c\u8840\u4e0d\u7545\uff0c\u4f3c\u65e0\u6c34\u884c\u821f1\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u5434\u747e\uff0c\u5b8b\u6653\u68a6\uff0c\u738b\u671d\u971e\uff0c\u7b49.\u96f7\u6839\u5e73\u7528\u91cd\u5242\u9ec4\u82aa\u76ca\u6bcd\u8349\u6cbb\u7597\u7279\u53d1\u6027\u6c34\u80bf\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u56db\u5ddd\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c2014\uff0c32\uff089\uff09\uff1a11-12.<\/p>\n

8.5.7\u3000\u7643\u95ed\u2014\u2014\u5ba3\u80ba\u542f\u58c5\uff08\u4e54\u4fdd\u94a7\u533b\u6848\uff092<\/p>\n

2 \u80e1\u6c38\u4fe1.\u4e54\u4fdd\u94a7\u8001\u4e2d\u533b\u8fd0\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u6cb3\u5357\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u520a\uff0c1998\uff0c13\uff082\uff09\uff1a19-21.<\/p>\n

\u90ed\u67d0\uff0c\u7537\uff0c1993\u5e745\u67089\u65e5\u7531\u5bb6\u4eba\u4ee5\u62c5\u67b6\u62ac\u5165\u8bca\u5ba4\u3002\u75c7\u89c1\uff1a\u9762\u8272\u4e0d\u534e\uff0c\u6c14\u77ed\u4e4f\u529b\uff0c\u820c\u8d28\u6de1\uff0c\u82d4\u9ec4\uff0c\u8109\u6ed1\u3002\u95ee\u5176\u6240\u82e6\uff0c\u7b54\u66f0\uff1a3\u4e2a\u6708\u6765\u5c3f\u91cf\u65e5\u5c11\uff0c\u6e10\u81f3\u6dcb\u6ca5\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u7ec8\u81f4\u70b9\u6ef4\u4e0d\u51fa\u300210\u65e5\u524d\u533b\u4ee5\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u53ca\u4e2d\u836f\u516b\u6b63\u6563\u6cbb\u4e4b\uff0c\u75c7\u72b6\u7f13\u89e3\u4e00\u65f6\u30023\u65e5\u524d\u8fc4\u4eca\u75c5\u60c5\u5982\u6545\uff0c\u5c11\u8179\u80c0\u9686\u5982\u9f13\uff0c\u75bc\u75db\u96be\u5fcd\uff0c\u663c\u591c\u4e0d\u5bd0\uff0c\u547b\u541f\u4e4b\u58f0\u4e0d\u7edd\u3002\u4ecd\u7528\u524d\u836f\uff0c\u75c5\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\uff0c\u590d\u7528\u897f\u836f\u5229\u5c3f\u4e4b\u54c1\uff0c\u4ea6\u672a\u83b7\u4e00\u6548\u3002\u4ee5\u5bfc\u5c3f\u7ba1\u5bfc\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ec5\u53ef\u6392\u51fa\u5c11\u91cf\u5c3f\u6db2\u3002\u4e54\u8001\u4ee4\u5f1f\u5b50\u6267\u7b14\u4e0b\u836f\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa40g\uff0c\u9ebb\u9ec420g\uff0c\u8d64\u5c0f\u8c4630g\uff0c\u732a\u82d360g\uff0c\u7a7f\u5c71\u753215g\uff0c\u738b\u4e0d\u7559\u884c30g\uff0c\u8406\u85a230g\uff0c\u767d\u672f10g\uff0c\u77f3\u83d6\u84b215g\uff0c\u83b2\u5b5015g\u3002\u5631\u5176\u5bb6\u4eba\uff1a\u6b66\u706b\u714e\u81f3\u6cb8\uff0c\u7f6e\u6587\u706b\u4e0a\uff0c\u518d\u714e15\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u6e29\u670d250ml\uff0c\u65e9\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u665a\u54041\u6b21\u30024\u65e5\u5185\u670d5\u5242\u5c3d\u3002\u836f\u8fdb1\u5242\uff0c\u5c3f\u53ef\u70b9\u6ef4\u800c\u51fa\uff1b3\u5242\uff0c\u5c3f\u91cf\u76c8\u76c6\uff0c\u5c11\u8179\u677e\u8f6f\uff1b5\u5242\uff0c\u544a\u6108\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u7643\u95ed\u4e43\u6e7f\u70ed\u8574\u7ed3\u8180\u80f1\u6240\u81f4\u3002\u80be\u4e3b\u6c34\u6db2\uff0c\u4e3b\u4e8c\u9634\uff0c\u4e14\u80be\u4e0e\u8180\u80f1\u76f8\u8868\u91cc\u3002\u4e45\u75c5\u5fc5\u865a\uff0c\u80be\u4e4b\u4e3b\u6c34\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u9042\u6210\u672c\u865a\u6807\u5b9e\u4e4b\u75be\u3002\u4ee5\u9ec4\u82aa\u4e3a\u541b\u8005\uff0c\u610f\u5728\u5927\u8865\u6b63\u6c14\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fa\u5176\u672c\uff0c\u9a7e\u9a6d\u4e09\u7126\u6709\u6743\uff0c\u5219\u6c34\u9053\u81ea\u901a\uff1b\u767d\u672f\u5065\u813e\u4ee5\u57f9\u571f\uff0c\u83b2\u5b50\u6e05\u70ed\u4ee5\u5b81\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e00\u5065\u4e00\u6e05\uff0c\u4e00\u57f9\u4e00\u5b81\uff0c\u4e43\u6807\u672c\u517c\u987e\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff1b\u7a7f\u5c71\u7532\u3001\u738b\u4e0d\u7559\u884c\u6d3b\u8840\u795b\u7600\u4ee5\u5bfc\u6ede\uff1b\u8406\u85a2\u3001\u8d64\u5c0f\u8c46\u5229\u6c34\u4ee5\u7f13\u6025\uff1b\u75c5\u7a0b\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u987d\u5792\u96be\u6467\uff0c\u6545\u4ee5\u7a33\u59a5\u529b\u5e73\u4e4b\u732a\u82d3\u5927\u91cf\u6295\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u91cd\u5175\u5f3a\u53d6\u800c\u4e00\u6218\u53ef\u80dc\u4e5f\uff1b\u77f3\u83d6\u84b2\u884c\u6c14\u5f00\u7a8d\u4ee5\u62d3\u8180\u80f1\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u300a\u7d20\u95ee\u00b7\u7075\u5170\u79d8\u5178\u8bba\u300b\u8c13\uff1a\u201c\u8180\u80f1\u8005\uff0c\u5dde\u90fd\u4e4b\u5b98\uff0c\u6d25\u6db2\u85cf\u7109\uff0c\u6c14\u5316\u5219\u80fd\u51fa\u77e3\u3002\u201d\u5999\u5728\u91cd\u7528\u9ebb\u9ec4\u52a9\u9ec4\u82aa\u5f3a\u6c14\u5316\u800c\u5ba3\u80ba\u884c\u6c34\u3002\u80ba\u4e3a\u6c34\u4e4b\u4e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u80be\u4e3a\u6c34\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6e90\uff0c\u813e\u4e3a\u6c34\u4e4b\u4e2d\u67a2\u3002\u4e0a\u5ba3\u4e0b\u884c\uff0c\u8f6c\u8f93\u65e0\u788d\uff0c\u6d25\u6db2\u56db\u5e03\uff0c\u4e94\u7ecf\u5e76\u884c\uff0c\u8180\u80f1\u5f00\u9616\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u6545\u5c3f\u6db2\u7545\u901a\u4e5f\u30023<\/p>\n

3 \u80e1\u6c38\u4fe1.\u4e54\u4fdd\u94a7\u8001\u4e2d\u533b\u8fd0\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u6cb3\u5357\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u520a\uff0c1998\uff0c13\uff082\uff09\uff1a19-21.<\/p>\n

8.5.8\u3000\u53cc\u624b\u53d1\u70ed\u6848\u2014\u2014\u7518\u6e29\u9664\u70ed\u6cd5\uff08\u5218\u9759\u5eb5\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u5973\uff0c52\u5c81\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u30021981\u5e742\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6e10\u89c9\u53cc\u624b\u53d1\u70ed\uff0c\u5176\u70ed\u4ece\u624b\u9888\u81f3\u6307\u5c16\uff0c\u5ef6\u81f3\u6708\u4f59\uff0c\u53cc\u624b\u70e7\u707c\u5982\u706b\u7099\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u5fcd\u8010\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f34\u6709\u5fc3\u70e6\u3002\u867d\u7528\u51b7\u6c34\u6d78\u6ce1\uff0c\u70e7\u707c\u611f\u4ecd\u4e0d\u89c9\u7f13\u3002\u66fe\u670d\u836f\u591a\u5242\u672a\u5e94\uff0c\u540c\u5e744\u6708\u521d\u6765\u6211\u5904\u8bca\u6cbb\u3002\u5bdf\u60a3\u8005\u9762\u8272\u5fae\u8d64\uff0c\u5507\u8272\u6d82\u7ea2\uff0c\u820c\u8d28\u7d2b\u6697\uff0c\u65e0\u82d4\uff0c\u8109\u6d2a\u5927\uff0c\u6309\u4e4b\u7a0d\u8f6f\uff0c\u4e8c\u4fbf\u996e\u98df\u5982\u5e38\uff0c\u53ea\u5c0f\u6c34\u7565\u9891\u5fae\u70eb\uff0c\u5c3f\u8272\u7565\u9ec4\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5fc3\u7ecf\u6c14\u9634\u865a\uff0c\u62df\u7528\u80b2\u9634\u6e05\u90aa\u4e4b\u5242\uff1a\u592a\u5b50\u53c230g\uff0c\u65f1\u83b2\u834925g\uff0c\u5973\u8d1e\u5b5025g\uff0c\u7261\u86ce25g\uff0c\u83b2\u5b50\u5fc36g\uff0c\u6d6e\u5c0f\u9ea630g\uff0c\u6800\u5b5012g\uff0c\u80e1\u9ec4\u8fde4g\uff0c\u4f55\u9996\u4e4c30g\uff0c\u83d6\u84b26g\uff0c\u6ce1\u53c225g\u3002\u670d\u4e09\u5242\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u5fc3\u70e6\u53cd\u800c\u52a0\u91cd\uff0c\u53e3\u82e6\u820c\u71e5\uff0c\u53cc\u624b\u66f4\u8f83\u524d\u70e7\u707c\u3002\u8be6\u5ba1\u8109\u640f\uff0c\u4ecd\u6d2a\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u91cd\u6309\u4e4f\u529b\uff0c\u72ec\u5de6\u624b\u8f83\u521d\u8bca\u65f6\u5c24\u4e3a\u6d2a\u5927\uff0c\u6307\u7532\u9752\u767d\u65e0\u534e\uff0c\u8840\u865a\u4e4b\u8c61\u751a\u660e\uff0c\u9042\u6539\u7528\u7518\u6e29\u9000\u70ed\u6cd5\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa25g\uff0c\u5f53\u5f5210g\u3002\u670d\u6b64\u65b9\u4ecd\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u65ad\u5b9a\u75c5\u91cd\u836f\u8f7b\uff0c\u65b9\u52a0\u91cd\u5242\u91cf\uff0c\u518d\u670d\u4e09\u5242\uff1a\u9ec4\u82aa120g\uff0c\u5f53\u5f5225g\u3002\u52a0\u91cf\u670d\u540e\uff0c\u53cc\u624b\u70e7\u707c\u548c\u5fc3\u614c\u4e4b\u8c61\u660e\u663e\u51cf\u8f7b\uff0c\u6d2a\u5927\u4e4b\u8109\u4ea6\u6e10\u6536\uff0c\u7ec6\u6309\u4e4b\uff0c\u7565\u73b0\u6da9\u8c61\uff0c\u7ee7\u7528\u4e0a\u65b9\u52a0\u67b8\u675e\u3001\u70ae\u59dc\u3001\u515a\u53c2\u3001\u5927\u67a3\u3001\u7099\u7518\u8349\u3001\u6842\u679d\u3001\u6842\u5706\u8089\u7b49\u51fa\u5165\u52a0\u51cf\uff0c\u670d\u5341\u4f59\u5242\uff0c\u8bf8\u75c7\u6d88\u5931\u5982\u5e38\u4eba1\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u5218\u9759\u5eb5.\u4e94\u4f8b\u201c\u4e0a\u80a2\u75be\u60a3\u201d\u6cbb\u9a8c\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u9655\u897f\u4e2d\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c1982\uff084\uff09\uff1a40-42.<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u672c\u6848\u5fc3\u70e6\u3001\u53e3\u71e5\u3001\u8109\u6d2a\u5927\u800c\u4e0a\u80a2\u707c\u70ed\u4e0d\u89e3\uff0c\u65ad\u4e3a\u8840\u865a\u53d1\u70ed\u800c\u7528\u5927\u5242\u7518\u6e29\u76ca\u6c14\u8865\u8840\u4e4b\u54c1\u6cbb\u6108\u3002\u6b64\u8bc1\u867d\u5fc3\u70e6\u3001\u53e3\u71e5\u800c\u65e0\u5927\u6e34\uff1b\u8109\u6d2a\u5927\u800c\u4e4f\u529b\uff0c\u4e14\u65e0\u5927\u6c57\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u7c7b\u767d\u864e\u8bc1\u201d\uff0c\u82e5\u4f5c\u5b9e\u70ed\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5219\u8bef\u77e3\u3002\u300a\u6742\u75c5\u5e7f\u8981\u300b\u5f15\u749c\u6eaa\u9690\u8005\uff0c\u6cbb\u4e00\u4eba\u5f97\u70ed\u75c5\uff0c\u867d\u7941\u5bd2\uff0c\u56db\u80a2\u4ea6\u4ee5\u6c34\u6d78\u624b\uff0c\u63e1\u51b0\u8f6e\u8f6c\uff0c\u4f17\u4ee5\u4e3a\u70ed\uff0c\u66f0\uff1a\u6b64\u5bd2\u6781\u4f3c\u70ed\uff0c\u975e\u771f\u70ed\u4e5f\uff0c\u6cbb\u4ee5\u9644\u5b50\u8f9b\u70ed\u4e4b\u5242\u800c\u6108\u3002\u56e0\u813e\u4e3b\u56db\u80a2\uff0c\u5982\u813e\u9633\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u9633\u6c14\u4e0d\u80fd\u6e29\u7166\u56db\u672b\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u56db\u80a2\u53a5\u51b7\uff0c\u800c\u56db\u80a2\u53d1\u70ed\u4ea6\u4e3b\u9633\u865a\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u5bd2\u6781\u4f3c\u70ed\uff0c\u4e43\u5047\u70ed\u4e5f\u3002\u672c\u6848\u5355\u4e0a\u80a2\u53d1\u70ed\u5982\u706b\u7099\u800c\u4e3b\u8840\u865a\uff0c\u4e0e\u9633\u865a\u4e4b\u53d1\u70ed\u600e\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u5462\uff1f\u9633\u865a\u53d1\u70ed\u7684\u663e\u8457\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u820c\u8d28\u6de1\u767d\u80d6\u5ae9\u800c\u6da6\uff0c\u5507\u4ea6\u6de1\u767d\uff0c\u800c\u672c\u6848\u75c7\u8c61\u5219\u7b26\u5408\u8840\u865a\u53d1\u70ed\u4e4b\u7279\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

8.5.9\u3000\u5409\u5170\u2014\u5df4\u96f7\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u2014\u2014\u5347\u9677\u6c64\uff08\u5f20\u79cb\u624d\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u67d0\uff0c\u7537\u6027\uff0c29\u5c81\u3002\u75c7\u89c1\u547c\u5438\u65e0\u529b\u4f9d\u8d56\u547c\u5438\u673a\uff0c\u4e0a\u80a2\u75ff\u8f6f\uff0c\u4e8c\u4fbf\u53ef\uff0c\u8109\u6d6e\u800c\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u82d4\u8584\u820c\u8d28\u504f\u6de1\uff0c\u53e3\u5507\u5e72\u3002\u8bca\u65ad\u4e3a\u5409\u5170\u2014\u5df4\u96f7\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\uff0c\u8bc1\u5c5e\u5927\u6c14\u4e0b\u9677\u3002\u6cbb\u4ee5\u5347\u9677\u6cd5\uff0c\u5904\u65b9\uff1a\u5347\u9677\u6c64\u52a0\u51cf\u3002\u9ec4\u82aa120g\uff0c\u5347\u9ebb\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u54043g\uff0c\u77e5\u6bcd\u3001\u6854\u6897\u3001\u7099\u7518\u8349\u540410g\uff0c\u6c34\u714e\u670d\uff0c\u65e51\u5242\uff0c10\u5242\u3002\u7099\u9a6c\u94b1\u5b50\u7c89\u6bcf\u6b210.5g\u88c5\u80f6\u56ca\uff0c\u968f\u836f\u6db2\u53e3\u670d\uff0c\u65e52\u6b21\u3002\u4e8c\u8bca\uff1a\u4e0a\u80a2\u75ff\u8f6f\u7a0d\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u547c\u5438\u5dee\uff0c\u8109\u865a\u6570\uff0c\u82d4\u8584\u767d\uff0c\u820c\u6de1\u5ae9\uff0c\u4e0a\u65b9\u52a0\u6c99\u53c2\u3001\u9e7f\u89d2\u971c\u540415g\uff0c\u67b3\u58f310g\uff0c4\u5242\u540e\u547c\u5438\u75c7\u72b6\u660e\u663e\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u53ef\u95f4\u65ad\u79bb\u5f00\u547c\u5438\u673a\uff0c\u8109\u53f3\u5f31\u5de6\u5f26\uff0c\u820c\u7ea2\uff0c\u4e0a\u65b9\u52a0\u9ea6\u51ac10g\uff0c12\u5242\u540e\u518d\u8bca\uff1a\u5df2\u8131\u79bb\u547c\u5438\u673a8\u5929\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u547c\u5438\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u4e24\u624b\u6307\u5c0f\u5173\u8282\u53ef\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0b\u80a2\u5c1a\u53ef\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u80a2\u5927\u5173\u8282\u5c1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u4e3b\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u53e3\u5507\u5e72\uff0c\u82d4\u8584\u767d\uff0c\u8109\u6d6e\u7ec6\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u5c3a\u5f31\uff0c\u4e0a\u65b9\u52a0\u5c71\u8438\u8089\u3001\u751f\u5730\u540415g\uff0c10\u5242\u540e\u60a3\u8005\u80a2\u4f53\u529f\u80fd\u9010\u6e10\u6062\u590d2\u3002<\/p>\n

2 \u738b\u5a01\uff0c\u8881\u66d9\u5149.\u5f20\u79cb\u624d\u4e3b\u4efb\u533b\u5e08\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3e\u9685\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u6cb3\u5317\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c2006\uff083\uff09\uff1a29-30.<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u8be5\u60a3\u8005\u4ee5\u547c\u5438\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u4e0a\u80a2\u75ff\u8f6f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8bc1\uff0c\u5e76\u5df2\u4f9d\u8d56\u547c\u5438\u673a\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u820c\u82d4\u8109\u8c61\uff0c\u75c5\u5c5e\u80ba\u75ff\uff0c\u8bc1\u5c5e\u80f8\u4e2d\u5927\u6c14\u865a\u9677\u3002\u300a\u5185\u7ecf\u300b\u66f0\uff1a\u201c\u8bf8\u75ff\u5598\u5455\uff0c\u7686\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0a\u3002\u201d\u6545\u7528\u5f20\u9521\u7eaf\u5347\u9677\u6c64\u76ca\u6c14\u5347\u9677\u3002\u300a\u533b\u5b66\u8877\u4e2d\u53c2\u897f\u5f55\u300b\u4e2d\u5347\u9677\u6c64\u6cbb\u201c\u80f8\u4e2d\u5927\u6c14\u4e0b\u9677\uff0c\u6c14\u77ed\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u606f\u3002\u6216\u52aa\u529b\u547c\u5438\uff0c\u6709\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5598\u3002\u6216\u6c14\u606f\u5c06\u505c\uff0c\u5371\u5728\u9877\u523b\u3002\u6216\u5bd2\u70ed\u5f80\u6765\uff0c\u6216\u54bd\u4f5c\u6e34\uff0c\u6216\u6ee1\u95f7\u6014\u5fe1\uff0c\u6216\u795e\u660f\u5065\u5fd8\uff0c\u79cd\u79cd\u75c7\u72b6\uff0c\u8bda\u96be\u6089\u6570\u2026\u2026\u201d\u65b9\u4e2d\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u5927\u8865\u80ba\u6c14\uff0c\u76ca\u6c14\u8fd0\u9633\uff0c\u632f\u594b\u6c14\u673a\uff0c\u7545\u901a\u4e0a\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u65b9\u8d77\u7edf\u9886\u4f5c\u7528\uff1b\u6854\u6897\u8f7d\u836f\u4e0a\u884c\uff1b\u5347\u9ebb\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u4e3e\u9677\u5347\u63d0\uff1b\u77e5\u6bcd\u6ecb\u517b\u80ba\u3001\u80be\u4e4b\u9634\u3002\u8bf8\u836f\u5408\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u80ba\u6c14\u5f97\u5347\uff0c\u6c14\u673a\u5f97\u7545\u3002\u5bf9\u547c\u5438\u808c\u9ebb\u75f9\u6216\u56db\u80a2\u75ff\u5e9f\u4e0d\u7528\u8005\uff0c\u5f20\u6c0f\u5584\u7528\u9a6c\u94b1\u5b50\uff0c\u8be5\u836f\u6709\u8d77\u75ff\u632f\u9893\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u5174\u594b\u5ef6\u9ad3\u4e2d\u7684\u547c\u5438\u4e2d\u67a2\uff0c\u4ea6\u7528\u6765\u6cbb\u7597\u80a2\u4f53\u75ff\u8f6f\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u6709\u6bd2\uff0c\u4e14\u7528\u91cf\u504f\u5927\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u5e94\u5bc6\u5207\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u91cf\uff1a\u6bcf\u65e50.5\uff5e1g\u3002<\/p>\n

8.5.10\u3000\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u2014\u2014\u9093\u6c0f\u5f3a\u808c\u5065\u529b\u996e\uff08\u9093\u94c1\u6d9b\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

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1 \u5f20\u4e16\u5e73.\u9093\u94c1\u6d9b\u6559\u6388\u6cbb\u7597\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u4e4b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u603b\u7ed3\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u5e7f\u5dde\u4e2d\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c1991\uff08Z1\uff09\uff1a70-74\uff0c255-256.<\/p>\n

\uff3b\u6309\u8bed\uff3d\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u9093\u6c0f\u7acb\u201c\u91cd\u8865\u813e\u80c3\uff0c\u76ca\u6c14\u5347\u9677\uff0c\u517c\u6cbb\u4e94\u810f\u201d\u4e3a\u6cbb\u7597\u5927\u6cd5\u3002\u5e76\u4ee5\u5f3a\u808c\u5065\u529b\u996e\u4e00\u65b9\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u968f\u8bc1\u52a0\u51cf\u3002\u5f3a\u808c\u5065\u529b\u996e\u4e3a\u9093\u6c0f\u81ea\u62df\u65b9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u836f\u7269\u6709\u9ec4\u82aa30\uff5e200g\uff0c\u4e94\u722a\u9f99\uff08\u5357\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0950g\uff0c\u515a\u53c230\uff5e90g\uff0c\u767d\u672f\u3001\u6000\u5c71\u836f\u540430g\uff0c\u5f53\u5f52\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u3001\u5347\u9ebb\u540410g\uff0c\u9648\u76ae5g\uff0c\u751f\u7518\u83493g\u3002\u529f\u80fd\u8865\u813e\u76ca\u6c14\uff0c\u5f3a\u808c\u5065\u529b\u3002\u65b9\u4e2d\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u7518\u6e29\u5927\u8865\u813e\u6c14\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f5c\u541b\u836f\u3002\u4e94\u722a\u9f99\uff0c\u6027\u5473\u7518\u5e73\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u76ca\u6c14\u5065\u813e\uff0c\u8865\u865a\u7597\u635f\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5357\u82aa\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ee3\u5317\u82aa\u4e4b\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u6027\u7f13\uff0c\u8865\u800c\u4e0d\u71e5\u3002\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u6162\u6027\u75c5\uff08\u5982\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\u7b49\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u51e1\u9700\u8865\u6c14\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u4e94\u722a\u9f99\u4e3a\u9093\u8001\u5e38\u7528\u4e4b\u54c1\u3002\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u7528\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u589e\u5f3a\u9ec4\u82aa\u5927\u8865\u813e\u6c14\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53c8\u4e0d\u81f3\u8fc7\u5206\u6e29\u9633\u81f4\u71e5\uff0c\u786e\u4e3a\u4f73\u54c1\u3002\u4e0e\u515a\u53c2\u3001\u767d\u672f\u540c\u52a9\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u8865\u6c14\u4e4b\u529f\uff1b\u56e0\u8840\u4e3a\u6c14\u6bcd\uff0c\u6545\u7528\u5f53\u5f52\u4ee5\u517b\u8840\u751f\u6c14\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a3\u836f\u5171\u52a9\u9ec4\u82aa\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81e3\u3002\u813e\u865a\u6c14\u9677\uff0c\u6545\u7528\u5347\u9ebb\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u53f8\u5347\u9633\u4e3e\u9677\u4e4b\u804c\uff1b\u813e\u865a\u6c14\u9677\uff0c\u813e\u5931\u5065\u8fd0\uff0c\u4e14\u91cd\u7528\u8865\u6c14\u4e4b\u54c1\uff0c\u5219\u987b\u9632\u6c14\u6ede\uff0c\u6545\u7528\u9648\u76ae\u4ee5\u53cd\u4f50\uff0c\u8fbe\u7406\u6c14\u6ede\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u5347\u67f4\u5171\u4e3a\u4f50\u836f\uff0c\u7518\u8349\u548c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8c03\u548c\u8bf8\u836f\uff0c\u4efb\u4f7f\u836f\u4e4b\u804c\u3002\u672c\u65b9\u6e90\u4e8e\u674e\u4e1c\u57a3\u4e4b\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\u6c64\uff0c\u4e14\u53c8\u6709\u5f02\u4e8e\u539f\u65b9\uff0c\u4e1c\u57a3\u7528\u836f\u504f\u8f7b\uff0c\u610f\u5728\u5347\u53d1\u813e\u9633\uff0c\u4ee5\u8865\u76ca\u4e2d\u6c14\uff0c\u5065\u8fd0\u813e\u80c3\u3002\u9093\u6c0f\u4e4b\u5f3a\u808c\u5065\u529b\u996e\u4e2d\u53c2\u82aa\u672f\u4e4b\u7528\u91cf\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u4e13\u4e3a\u813e\u80c3\u865a\u635f\u4e4b\u75c5\u673a\u800c\u8bbe\uff0c\u867d\u53ea\u589e\u4e94\u722a\u9f99\u4e00\u5473\uff0c\u5176\u76ca\u6c14\u5f3a\u808c\u4e4b\u529b\u500d\u589e\u3002\u6545\u4e3a\u7edf\u6cbb\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u4e4b\u4e3b\u65b9\u3002\u51e1\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u89c1\u773c\u7751\u4e0b\u5782\uff0c\u590d\u89c6\u659c\u89c6\u3001\u56db\u80a2\u65e0\u529b\u3001\u5480\u56bc\u4e4f\u529b\u3001\u541e\u54bd\u56f0\u96be\u3001\u996e\u6c34\u53cd\u545b\u3001\u6c14\u77ed\u4f53\u5026\uff0c\u6216\u547c\u5438\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u6216\u808c\u8089\u840e\u7f29\u8005\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b64\u65b9\u6cbb\u4e4b\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u5b9e\u8df5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u7597\u6548\u751a\u4f73\u3002\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u53ef\u4e0e\u7ea2\u6591\u72fc\u75ae\u3001\u591a\u53d1\u6027\u808c\u708e\u3001\u98ce\u6e7f\u6027\u5173\u8282\u708e\u3001\u7c7b\u98ce\u6e7f\u5173\u8282\u708e\u3001\u80f8\u817a\u7624\u3001\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u529f\u80fd\u4ea2\u8fdb\u7b49\u5341\u51e0\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u4f34\u5b58\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u6807\u672c\u540c\u6cbb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7c7b\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u9093\u6c0f\u4ecd\u4e0d\u79bb\u5065\u813e\u76ca\u635f\u4e4b\u65e8\uff0c\u5e38\u5728\u5f3a\u808c\u5065\u529b\u996e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u75c5\u75c7\u52a0\u51cf\u7528\u836f\u3002\u5982\u4f34\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u529f\u80fd\u4ea2\u8fdb\u8005\uff0c\u5408\u6d88\u7630\u4e38\u52a0\u5c71\u6148\u83c7\uff1b\u4f34\u4e59\u578b\u809d\u708e\u8005\uff0c\u5408\u6162\u809d\u516d\u5473\u996e\uff08\u56db\u541b\u5b50\u6c64\u52a0\u5ddd\u8406\u85a2\uff0c\u9ec4\u76ae\u6811\u53f6\uff09\uff1b\u4f34\u98ce\u6e7f\u6216\u7c7b\u98ce\u6e7f\u5173\u8282\u708e\u8005\uff0c\u52a0\u9e21\u8840\u85e4\u3001\u5a01\u7075\u4ed9\u3001\u5bbd\u7b4b\u85e4\uff1b\u4f34\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u8005\uff0c\u52a0\u8349\u51b3\u660e\u3001\u725b\u819d\u3001\u9cd6\u7532\u3002\u9063\u65b9\u7528\u836f\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u6cbb\u813e\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u968f\u75c7\u52a0\u51cf1\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u674e\u987a\u6c11.\u9093\u94c1\u6d9b\u6cbb\u7597\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c1991\uff083\uff09\uff1a54-56.<\/p>\n

\u8bc4\uff1a\u6b64\u4e24\u6848\u4f8b\u7686\u91cd\u7528\u9ec4\u82aa\uff0c\u5927\u8865\u813e\u6c14\uff0c\u813e\u4e3b\u8fd0\u5316\uff0c\u6c34\u8c37\u7cbe\u5fae\u7686\u7531\u813e\u6c14\u8fd0\u8f93\u81f3\u56db\u80a2\u767e\u9ab8\uff0c\u91cd\u75c7\u808c\u65e0\u529b\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u96be\u6cbb\u4e4b\u75c5\uff0c\u9093\u8001\u6293\u4f4f\u5065\u813e\u76ca\u635f\u4e4b\u75c5\u673a\uff0c\u603b\u4ee5\u6cbb\u813e\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u7ec8\u53d6\u826f\u6548\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u63a8\u5d07\u3002<\/p>\n

8.5.11\u3000\u4e00\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u4e2d\u6bd2\u540e\u9057\u75c7\u6848\u2014\u2014\u8865\u9633\u8fd8\u4e94\u6c64\u5408\u53ef\u4fdd\u7acb\u82cf\u6c64\u52a0\u51cf\uff08\u5f20\u742a\u533b\u6848\uff09<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u67d0\uff0c\u7537\uff0c22\u5c81\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u30021980\u5e745\u670829\u65e5\u521d\u8bca\u30021\u5e74\u524d\u6551\u706b\u65f6\u88ab\u70df\u718f\u5012\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u4e27\u5931\uff0c\u7ecf\u62a2\u65514\u5929\u610f\u8bc6\u8f6c\u6e05\uff0c\u73b0\u8868\u60c5\u6de1\u6f20\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u667a\u529b\u53ca\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u51cf\u9000\uff0c\u4e24\u624b\u81c2\u9635\u53d1\u6027\u7f13\u7f13\u5f90\u52a8\uff0c\u4e24\u4e0b\u80a2\u98a4\u6296\uff0c\u884c\u8def\u4e0d\u7a33\u3002\u66fe\u81f3\u591a\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u8bca\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7cfb\u4e00\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u4e2d\u6bd2\u540e\u9057\u75c7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e2d\u6bd2\u8f83\u91cd\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u8111\u7ec6\u80de\u5df2\u53d8\u6027\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u3002\u6765\u8bca\u65f6\u75c7\u72b6\u540c\u524d\uff0c\u820c\u6da6\u8109\u7f13\uff0c\u59cb\u7528\u5730\u9ec4\u996e\u5b50\u8865\u809d\u80be\u3001\u606f\u5185\u98ce\u6cd5\u65bd\u6cbb\uff0c\u521d\u83b7\u5c0f\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u65e0\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u53cd\u590d\u6784\u601d\u300a\u7075\u67a2\u00b7\u53e3\u95ee\u300b\u8c13\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u6c14\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u8111\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u8033\u4e3a\u4e4b\u82e6\u9e23\uff0c\u5934\u4e3a\u4e4b\u82e6\u503e\uff0c\u76ee\u4e3a\u4e4b\u7729\u3002\u201d\u738b\u6e05\u4efb\u3001\u5f20\u9521\u7eaf\u6c0f\u5bf9\u80a2\u4f53\u75ff\u5e9f\u7686\u8d44\u4e4b\u4e8e\u6c14\u865a\uff0c\u8bda\u4ee5\u6c14\u4e3a\u8840\u4e4b\u5e05\uff0c\u6c14\u884c\u5219\u8840\u884c\uff0c\u8be5\u60a3\u7531\u4e8e\u6c14\u865a\u65e0\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u8840\u6db2\u4e0a\u884c\u704c\u6ce8\u4e8e\u8111\uff0c\u6545\u51fa\u73b0\u80a2\u4f53\u4e0d\u9042\u98a4\u6296\u7b49\u75c7\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b64\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u8865\u9633\u8fd8\u4e94\u6c64\u3001\u53ef\u4fdd\u7acb\u82cf\u6c64\u4e8c\u65b9\u5316\u88c1\uff0c\u76ca\u6c14\u8865\u80be\u4ee5\u5e73\u606f\u5185\u98ce\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u82aa75g\uff0c\u8d64\u828d15g\uff0c\u5ddd\u828e15g\uff0c\u5f53\u5f5220g\uff0c\u5730\u9f9915g\uff0c\u4e39\u53c215g\uff0c\u8865\u9aa8\u810215g\uff0c\u67b8\u675e20g\uff0c\u8089\u82c1\u84c920g\uff0c\u83df\u4e1d\u5b5020g\uff0c\u5df4\u621f\u592915g\uff0c\u6838\u68431\u4e2a\uff08\u5e26\u58f3\u6363\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u670d\u4e0a\u65b9100\u5242\uff0c\u9762\u5bb9\u50f5\u6728\u6de1\u6f20\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u7b11\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e24\u817f\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u6b65\u5c65\u5df2\u6062\u590d\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u4e24\u624b\u81c2\u9635\u53d1\u6027\u5f90\u52a8\u57fa\u672c\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4ec5\u65f6\u6709\u5c0f\u52a8\uff0c\u667a\u529b\u53ca\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u7686\u6709\u660e\u663e\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u5df2\u80fd\u4e0a\u73ed\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1982\u5e74\u7ed3\u5a5a\u540e\u751f\u4e00\u7537\u5b69\u3002<\/p>\n

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9\u3000\u67f4\u80e1<\/p>\n

9.1\u3000\u53e4\u4eca\u7528\u91cf<\/p>\n

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1 \u9648\u723d\uff0c\u674e\u5ca9\uff0c\u7a0b\u7d20\u5229\uff0c\u7b49.\u4e0d\u540c\u67f4\u80e1\u5242\u91cf\u5728\u65b9\u5242\u4e2d\u4f5c\u7528\u89c4\u5f8b\u521d\u63a2\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u56db\u5ddd\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c2014\uff081\uff09\uff1a46-47.<\/p>\n

\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5bf9\u8ba4\u8bc6\u67f4\u80e1\u7528\u91cf\u6709\u7740\u501f\u9274\u53c2\u8003\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u5f20\u742a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u4ee5\u67f4\u80e1\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6cbb\u7597\u53d1\u70ed\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7686\u572820g\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c61\u7528\u5c61\u65482\uff1b\u5f6d\u57f9\u521d\u7528\u67f4\u80e120\uff5e30g\uff0c\u9000\u70ed\u4f5c\u7528\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u91cd\u7528\u67f4\u80e1120g\u52064\u6b21\u7684\u670d\u6cd5\uff0c\u5bf9\u75c5\u6bd2\u6027\u611f\u5192\u51fa\u73b0\u9ad8\u70ed\u3001\u5927\u53f6\u6027\u80ba\u708e\u73b0\u9ad8\u70ed\u8d77\u4f0f\u4f34\u80f8\u95f7\u6cdb\u6076\u7b49\u75c7\u6709\u6548\uff1b\u7f57\u5143\u607a\uff1a\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f24\u5bd2\u65e9\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u53d1\u70ed\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9000\u70ed\u4e4b\u4e3b\u836f\uff0c\u5219\u5242\u91cf\u5b9c\u7a0d\u91cd\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u81f315\uff5e18g\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5e94\u914d\u4f0d\u9ec4\u82a9\u3001\u828d\u836f\u7c7b\u4ee5\u52a9\u5176\u9000\u70ed\u4e4b\u529f\u2026\u2026\u900d\u9065\u6563\u3001\u56db\u9006\u6563\u7b49\u65b9\u4e2d\u67f4\u80e1\u5ba3\u6563\u6c14\u673a\uff0c\u7528\u91cf\u5b9c\u9002\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u914d\u4f0d\u836f\u5206\u91cf\u5927\u4f53\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u53ef\u75286\uff5e9g\u2026\u2026\u67f4\u80e1\u5347\u4e3e\u9633\u6c14\u7528\u91cf\u4ee53g\u5de6\u53f3\u4e3a\u5b9c\u3002\u201d3\u674e\u6587\u745e\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u91cf3\uff5e10g\uff0c\u91cd\u752815\uff5e60g\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7528\u81f3120g\u3002\u91cd\u5242\u7528\u4e8e\u53d1\u70ed\u6027\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u65b9\u53ef\u83b7\u6548\u3002\u5e38\u5728\u5c0f\u67f4\u80e1\u6c64\u3001\u67f4\u845b\u89e3\u808c\u6c64\u7b49\u65b9\u4e2d\u91cd\u7528\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u660e\u53d1\u70ed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u611f\u5192\u3001\u809d\u708e\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u75c5\u7b49\u6240\u81f4\u4e4b\u53d1\u70ed\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u670d\u836f2\uff5e5\u5929\uff0c\u591a\u52192\u5468\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u70ed\u5e73\u3002\u201d4\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

2 \u5b59\u5143\u83b9\uff0c\u90ed\u8302\u677e\uff0c\u59dc\u5fb7\u53cb.\u5f20\u742a\u6559\u6388\u6cbb\u7597\u9ad8\u70ed\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u56db\u5ddd\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c2005\uff088\uff09\uff1a6-9.<\/p>\n

3 \u7f57\u5143\u607a.\u7565\u8c08\u67f4\u80e1\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u65b0\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c1982\uff082\uff09\uff1a51-52.<\/p>\n

4 \u5317.\u674e\u6587\u745e\u6559\u6388\u91cd\u7528\u5355\u5473\u836f\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u8fbd\u5b81\u4e2d\u533b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c1994\uff0810\uff09\uff1a446-448.<\/p>\n

9.2\u3000\u5e94\u7528\u6307\u5357<\/p>\n

9.2.1\u3000\u67f4\u80e1\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6307\u5f81<\/p>\n

\u8bb8\u5360\u6c11\uff1a\u201c\u5916\u611f\u70ed\u75c5\u89c1\u90aa\u90c1\u4e0d\u6563\u5316\u70ed\u4e4b\u8bc1\uff0c\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u4f0d\u845b\u6839\u900f\u89e3\u808c\u80a4\u95f4\u90c1\u70ed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d1\u70ed\u6076\u5bd2\u4e0d\u91cd\u5e76\u89c1\u65e0\u6c57\u8005\u4e3a\u5b9c\uff0c\u82e5\u75c7\u89c1\u6076\u5bd2\u91cd\uff0c\u53d1\u70ed\u8f7b\uff0c\u6216\u90aa\u5df2\u5165\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u70ed\u4e0d\u5bd2\u5e76\u6c57\u51fa\u8005\uff0c\u7686\u975e\u67f4\u80e1\u6240\u5b9c\uff1b\u5916\u611f\u75c5\u89c1\u5f80\u6765\u5bd2\u70ed\u8005\u53ca\u5185\u4f24\u6742\u75c5\u3001\u759f\u75be\u3001\u9ec4\u75b8\u89c1\u75c7\u8005\u5747\u53ef\u5b97\u4ef2\u666f\u5c0f\u67f4\u80e1\u6c64\u4e4b\u6cd5\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u4e0e\u9ec4\u82a9\u76f8\u4f0d\uff1b\u5408\u767d\u828d\u4ee5\u6761\u8fbe\u809d\u6c14\u517b\u8840\u67d4\u809d\u800c\u6563\u90c1\u706b\u800c\u89e3\u809d\u6c14\u4e0d\u8212\u6216\u6c14\u90c1\u5316\u706b\u6240\u81f4\u8bf8\u75c7\uff0c\u52a0\u67f4\u80e1\u4e8e\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u53ca\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u529f\u80fd\u4ea2\u8fdb\u7b49\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u4e2d\u591a\u83b7\u826f\u6548\u3002\u4e8e\u5b50\u5bab\u8131\u5782\u3001\u80c3\u4e0b\u5782\u3001\u80be\u4e0b\u5782\u3001\u809d\u4e0b\u5782\u3001\u8131\u809b\u4ee5\u53ca\u9057\u5c3f\u3001\u4e45\u6cfb\u4e0d\u6b62\u3001\u6c14\u77ed\u4e4f\u529b\u7b49\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u987b\u4e0e\u9ec4\u82aa\u3001\u4eba\u53c2\u7b49\u914d\u4f0d\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u66f4\u5e74\u671f\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u4f0d\u9999\u9644\u4f50\u4ee5\u5730\u9ec4\u77e5\u6bcd\u53ef\u7545\u9633\u6c14\u8c03\u5bd2\u70ed\u3002\u201d5\u4e0a\u6d77\u90b5\u957f\u8363\u6cbb\u4e45\u54b3\u5fc5\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e38\u4e0e\u524d\u80e1\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u53d6\u67f4\u80e1\u758f\u809d\u6b62\u54b3\uff0c\u6563\u53d1\u5916\u90aa\uff0c\u524d\u80e1\u4e0b\u6c14\u5316\u75f0\uff0c\u4e00\u5347\u4e00\u964d\uff0c\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u62106\u3002\u9ec4\u714c\u5e38\u4ee5\u67f4\u80e1\u52a0\u9f99\u9aa8\u7261\u86ce\u6c64\u52a0\u51cf\u6cbb\u7597\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5982\u6291\u90c1\u75c7\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u3001\u75f4\u5446\u53ca\u8111\u840e\u7f29\u7b49\uff0c\u67f4\u80e1\u591a\u4e3a12\uff5e20g\uff0c\u9f99\u9aa8\u3001\u7261\u86ce\u5219\u4ee515g\u5c45\u591a7\uff1b\u5927\u67f4\u80e1\u6c64\u6cbb\u7597\u5fc3\u8111\u8840\u7ba1\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u4ee3\u8c22\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u80c6\u80f0\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u8fc7\u654f\u6027\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u67f4\u80e1\u591a\u4e3a15\uff5e20g\uff0c\u5927\u9ec4\u4f7f\u7528\u5236\u5927\u9ec4\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a10g8\uff1b\u5c0f\u67f4\u80e1\u6c64\u6cbb\u7597\u4ee5\u5bd2\u70ed\u5f80\u6765\u3001\u80f8\u80c1\u82e6\u6ee1\u3001\u98df\u6b32\u4e0d\u632f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u75c7\u7684\u6162\u6027\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5982\u6162\u6027\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\u708e\u3001\u80bf\u7624\u7b49\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a10\uff5e20g\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d6g\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5242\u91cf\u6bb5\uff0c12g\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5242\u91cf\u6bb5\uff0c20g\u4e3a\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u6bb5\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9000\u70ed\uff0c\u67f4\u80e1\u7528\u91cf\u8981\u5927\uff0c\u5982\u6cbb\u75c5\u6bd2\u6027\u611f\u5192\u53ca\u7c7b\u98ce\u6e7f\u5173\u8282\u708e\uff0c\u67f4\u80e120g\u4ee5\u4e0a\u65b9\u80fd\u6536\u6548\u3002\u56db\u9006\u6563\u6cbb\u4ee5\u56db\u80a2\u51b7\u3001\u5931\u7720\u3001\u8179\u80c0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u75c7\u7684\u6162\u6027\u80c3\u708e\u3001\u5931\u7720\u75c7\u7b49\uff0c\u67f4\u80e1\u591a\u75286\uff5e12g\uff08\u300a\u9ec4\u714c\u7ecf\u65b9\u533b\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u6574\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u66a82004\u20142007\u4e34\u8bc1\u75c5\u6848\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff09\u3002\u67f4\u5f52\u6c64\uff08\u5f53\u5f52\u828d\u836f\u6563\u52a0\u5c0f\u67f4\u80e1\u6c64\uff09\u6cbb\u7597\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7ea2\u6591\u72fc\u75ae\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u514d\u75ab\u6027\u809d\u75c5\u3001\u5e72\u71e5\u75c7\uff0c\u7528\u91cf\u5219\u591a\u572820g\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u77f3\u6c0f\u4f24\u79d1\u64c5\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u4ee5\u7597\u4f24\uff0c\u4e34\u75c7\u89c1\u5185\u4f24\u8bf8\u75be\u3001\u65b0\u4f24\u5bbf\u635f\u603b\u4e0d\u79bb\u809d\u7ecf\uff0c\u4ee5\u67f4\u80e1\u4e3a\u53a5\u5c11\u4e24\u7ecf\u7684\u5f15\u7ecf\u836f\u4e14\u5473\u82e6\u6027\u5fae\u5bd2\u800c\u8d28\u8f7b\uff0c\u5728\u810f\u5219\u4e3b\u8840\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u5219\u4e3b\u6c14\uff0c\u632f\u4e3e\u6e05\u6c14\uff0c\u5ba3\u7545\u6c14\u8840\uff0c\u63a8\u9648\u81f4\u65b0\uff0c\u662f\u4f24\u79d1\u5185\u4f24\u75be\u60a3\u7684\u4e00\u5473\u6709\u6548\u826f\u836f1\u3002\u987e\u5146\u519c\u5219\u4ee5\u67f4\u80e1\u4e4b\u7528\u4e0e\u809d\u4e3b\u758f\u6cc4\u4e4b\u529f\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u7528\u5065\u813e\u8fd0\u571f\u5242\u4e45\u4e0d\u594f\u6548\u4e14\u4f34\u89c1\u9762\u8272\u6666\u6697\u3001\u820c\u82d4\u539a\u817b\u3001\u5927\u4fbf\u4e0d\u723d\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u65b9\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u67f4\u80e1\u5219\u53ef\u663e\u8457\u6539\u5584\u75c7\u72b6\uff1b\u4e09\u7126\u6c14\u5316\u5931\u53f8\u3001\u6c34\u9053\u4e0d\u901a\u8bf8\u75c7\u89c1\u4e8e\u7528\u6cbb\u809d\u786c\u5316\u8179\u6c34\u548c\u5c3f\u6bd2\u75c7\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u8865\u809d\u80be\u6d3b\u8840\u5229\u6c34\u65b9\u4e2d\u52a0\u67f4\u80e1\u53ef\u4f7f\u5371\u91cd\u89c1\u75c7\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e00\u7f13\uff1b\u8151\u6c14\u4e0d\u901a\u4e4b\u80a0\u6897\u963b\u548c\u9611\u5c3e\u708e\u5728\u7406\u6c14\u6d3b\u8840\u901a\u8151\u836f\u4e2d\u5165\u67f4\u80e1\u540e1\uff5e2\u5242\u836f\u540e\u75c7\u9664\uff1b\u6d3b\u8840\u5316\u7600\u6cbb\u95ed\u7ecf\u4e0d\u6548\u52a0\u5165\u67f4\u80e1\u591a\u53ef\u8c03\u51b2\u4efb\u800c\u5f97\u6548\u30022<\/p>\n

5 \u5f20\u4f1a\u73cd\uff0c\u5f20\u4e00\u6615\uff0c\u674e\u8fdb\u9f99.\u8bb8\u5360\u6c11\u6559\u6388\u5e94\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u65b0\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c2004\uff084\uff09\uff1a69.<\/p>\n

6 \u90d1\u654f\u5b87\uff0c\u674e\u6b23.\u90b5\u957f\u8363\u4ece\u4e94\u810f\u8bba\u6cbb\u4e45\u54b3\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c2004\uff085\uff09\uff1a15-17.<\/p>\n

7 \u9648\u5efa\u82b3\uff0c\u9ec4\u714c.\u9ec4\u714c\u8fd0\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\u52a0\u9f99\u9aa8\u7261\u86ce\u6c64\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u5c71\u4e1c\u4e2d\u533b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c2012\uff0812\uff09\uff1a899-901.<\/p>\n

8 \u6bdb\u79d1\u660e.\u9ec4\u714c\u6559\u6388\u8fd0\u7528\u5927\u67f4\u80e1\u6c64\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u5149\u660e\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c2014\uff0812\uff09\uff1a2641\uff0c2648.<\/p>\n

1 \u90b1\u5fb7\u534e\uff0c\u77f3\u4ef0\u5c71.\u77f3\u6c0f\u4f24\u79d1\u67f4\u80e1\u9999\u9644\u836f\u5bf9\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u5e94\u7528\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u6c5f\u82cf\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c1997\uff0810\uff09\uff1a6-7.<\/p>\n

2 \u674e\u4e3d.\u987e\u5146\u519c\u8001\u4e2d\u533b\u5999\u7528\u67f4\u80e1\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u5c71\u897f\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c1990\uff081\uff09\uff1a11-12.<\/p>\n

\u67f4\u80e1\u4e3b\u8981\u542b\u67f4\u80e1\u7682\u82f7\u3001\u67f4\u80e1\u9187\u3001\u4e01\u9999\u915a\u53ca\u753e\u9187\u7c7b\u7b49\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u836f\u7406\u8ba4\u4e3a\u67f4\u80e1\u6709\u9000\u70ed\u3001\u6297\u708e\u3001\u6297\u60ca\u53a5\u3001\u4fdd\u809d\u3001\u6297\u764c\u3001\u6297\u6291\u90c1\u7b49\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u67f4\u80e1\u6bd2\u6027\u5c0f\uff0c\u672c\u54c1\u5236\u5242\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e0a\u591a\u7528\u4e8e\u611f\u5192\u53d1\u70ed\u3001\u5bd2\u70ed\u5f80\u6765\u3001\u759f\u75be\u3001\u80f8\u80c1\u80c0\u75db\u3001\u6708\u7ecf\u4e0d\u8c03\u3001\u5b50\u5bab\u8131\u5782\u3001\u8131\u809b\u7b49\u75c7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0a\u547c\u5438\u9053\u611f\u67d3\u6027\u53d1\u70ed\u3001\u54b3\u55fd\u3001\u75c5\u6bd2\u6027\u809d\u708e\u3001\u9ad8\u8102\u8840\u75c7\u3001\u6d41\u884c\u6027\u816e\u817a\u708e\u53ca\u5bf9\u5355\u75b1\u75c5\u6bd2\u6027\u89d2\u819c\u708e\u3001\u591a\u5f62\u7ea2\u6591\u3001\u6241\u5e73\u75a3\u3001\u5bfb\u5e38\u75a3\u3001\u764c\u75c7\u53d1\u70ed\u7b49\u5747\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7597\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

9.2.2\u3000\u67f4\u80e1\u52ab\u809d\u9634\u7684\u7406\u89e3<\/p>\n

\u6709\u5173\u67f4\u80e1\u8ba8\u8bba\u6700\u591a\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u67f4\u80e1\u52ab\u809d\u9634\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201c\u67f4\u80e1\u52ab\u809d\u9634\u201d\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u89c1\u4e8e\u660e\u4ee3\u5f20\u51e4\u9035\u7684\u300a\u4f24\u6691\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u5e8f\u8a00\u6709\u201c\u67f4\u80e1\u52ab\u809d\u9634\uff0c\u845b\u6839\u7aed\u80c3\u6c41\u201d\u4e4b\u8bba\u3002\u300a\u666f\u5cb3\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\u8a00\u201c\u611a\u8c13\u67f4\u80e1\u4e4b\u6027\uff0c\u5584\u6cc4\u5584\u6563\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u80fd\u8d70\u6c57\uff0c\u5927\u80fd\u6cc4\u6c14\uff0c\u65ad\u975e\u6ecb\u8865\u4e4b\u836f\u3002\u51e1\u75c5\u9634\u865a\u6c34\u4e8f\u800c\u5b64\u9633\u52b3\u70ed\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u518d\u635f\u8425\u6c14\uff0c\u76d6\u672a\u6709\u7528\u6563\u800c\u4e0d\u6cc4\u8425\u6c14\u8005\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u52a8\u6c57\u800c\u4e0d\u4f24\u8425\u8840\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u53f6\u5929\u58eb\u5728\u300a\u4e09\u65f6\u4f0f\u6c14\u5916\u611f\u7bc7\u300b\u4e2d\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u82e5\u5e7c\u79d1\u5eb8\u4fd7\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u5c0f\u67f4\u80e1\u53bb\u53c2\uff0c\u6216\u9999\u85b7\u3001\u845b\u6839\u4e4b\u5c5e\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u67f4\u80e1\u52ab\u809d\u9634\uff0c\u845b\u6839\u7aed\u80c3\u6c41\uff0c\u81f4\u53d8\u5c61\u77e3\u3002\u201d\u6309\u7167\u738b\u5b5f\u82f1\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u67f4\u3001\u845b\u4e4b\u5f0a\u4e8c\u8bed\uff0c\u89c1\u6797\u5317\u6d77\u300a\u91cd\u520a\u5f20\u53f8\u519c\u6cbb\u6691\u5168\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u53f6\u6c0f\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u539f\u975e\u675c\u64b0\u201d\u3002\u53f6\u5929\u58eb\u539f\u610f\u4f3c\u662f\u6307\u5c0f\u67f4\u80e1\u6c64\u7b49\u4e0d\u5b9c\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u513f\u79d1\u6691\u759f\u8bf8\u75c7\uff0c\u540e\u4e16\u6e29\u75c5\u5b66\u6d3e\u7b49\u4e0d\u5c11\u533b\u5bb6\u6301\u6b64\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5f20\u5c71\u96f7\uff1a\u201c\u6d45\u8005\u72b9\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u8bef\u8ba4\u67f4\u80e1\u80fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u809d\u75c5\uff0c\u9042\u4e8e\u809d\u706b\u51cc\u5389\u4e4b\u5934\u75db\u3001\u8033\u9e23\u3001\u8033\u80c0\u3001\u76ee\u75db\u3001\u8033\u804b\u3001\u80c1\u75db\u8179\u80c0\u7b49\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ea6\u590d\u4ee5\u67f4\u80e1\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u4e4b\u54c1\u2026\u2026\u6cbb\u66f4\u4ee5\u589e\u75c5\u3002\u201d\u867d\u8bf4\u67f4\u80e1\u6027\u80fd\u751f\u53d1\uff0c\u5982\u9047\u6c34\u4e0d\u6db5\u6728\u800c\u81f4\u809d\u9633\u4e0a\u8d8a\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u91cf\u67f4\u80e1\u4e4b\u5347\u6563\uff0c\u591a\u53ef\u81f4\u9634\u4e8f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6f5c\u9633\u800c\u5316\u98ce\u52a8\u8840\u3002\u4f46\u8a00\u52ab\u809d\u9634\uff0c\u8bf8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u79bb\u5f00\u809d\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u800c\u8bba\u809d\u3002<\/p>\n

9.3\u3000\u533b\u6848\u7cbe\u9009<\/p>\n

9.3.1\u3000\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u67f4\u80e1\u6cbb\u7597\u5916\u611f\u9ad8\u70ed<\/p>\n

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1 \u738b\u81f4\u9053\uff0c\u4f59\u5929\u798f.\u8c08\u5916\u611f\u9ad8\u70ed\u7528\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u67f4\u80e1\u7684\u4f53\u4f1a\uff3bJ\uff3d.\u798f\u5efa\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\uff0c1995\uff084\uff09\uff1a50.<\/p>\n

9.3.2\u3000\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u67f4\u80e1\u6cbb\u7597\u4f4e\u70ed<\/p>\n

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