{"id":42669,"date":"2024-10-23T05:10:41","date_gmt":"2024-10-23T05:10:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/?p=42669"},"modified":"2024-10-23T05:10:41","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T05:10:41","slug":"%e5%8c%bb%e5%ad%a6%e7%bb%86%e8%83%9e%e7%94%9f%e7%89%a9%e5%ad%a6%e5%90%8d%e8%af%8d%e8%a7%a3%e9%87%8a%e5%a4%a7%e5%85%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/?p=42669","title":{"rendered":"\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca\u5927\u5168"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><p>\u3000\u3000\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff08Biology\uff09\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u516d\u5927\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5c0f\u7f16\u6536\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca\u5927\u5168\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u5927\u5bb6\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca 1<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30001\u3001\u819c\u76f8\u7ed3\u6784:\u6307\u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u4ee5\u751f\u7269\u819c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u5f62\u6210\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\uff08\u8d28\u819c\uff09\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u6240\u6709\u819c\u6027\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u3002\u5982\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u3001\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u3001\u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u3001\u5185\u8d28\u7f51\u3001\u6eb6\u9176\u4f53\u3001\u6838\u88ab\u819c\u3001\u8fc7\u6c27\u5316\u9176\u4f53\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30002\u3001\u975e\u819c\u76f8\u7ed3\u6784:\u6307\u7ea4\u7ef4\u72b6\u3001\u9897\u7c92\u72b6\u6216\u7ba1\u72b6\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\uff0c\u5982\u67d3\u8272\u8d28(\u67d3\u8272\u4f53)\u3001\u6838\u4ec1\u3001\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\u3001\u6838\u9aa8\u67b6\u3001\u6838\u57fa\u8d28\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u57fa\u8d28\u3001\u5fae\u7ba1\u3001\u5fae\u4e1d\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ea4\u7ef4\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f53\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30003\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u9762:\u7531\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u88ab\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u4e0e\u80de\u8d28\u6eb6\u80f6\u5c42\u4e09\u8005\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u5305\u56f4\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u5916\u5c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u5408\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0e\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0e\u5916\u73af\u5883\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u5404\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u529f\u80fd\u90e8\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30004\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u8fde\u63a5:\u591a\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u5df2\u4e27\u5931\u67d0\u4e9b\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u6574\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fbe\u5230\u5404\u7ec6\u80de\u7edf\u4e00\u4e0e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ec6\u80de\u95f4\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u76f8\u90bb\u7ec6\u80de\u5bc6\u5207\u63a5\u89e6\u533a\u57df\u7279\u5316\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30005\u3001\u751f\u7269\u819c:\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u8d28\u819c\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u5404\u79cd\u819c\u76f8\u7ed3\u6784\u819c\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u819c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca 2<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30001. \u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66Cell Biology:\u662f\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u6574\u4f53\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u4e9a\u663e\u5fae\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u6c34\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u5f62\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30002. \u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff1a\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u5f62\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u7b49\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u9632\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30003. \u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u8bf4\uff08\u65bd\u83b1\u767b\u3001\u65bd\u65fa\u3001\u9b4f\u5c14\u8096\uff09\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u7ec6\u80de\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff1b\u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5f62\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b\u4e00\u5207\u7ec6\u80de\u90fd\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u539f\u6765\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\uff1b\u4e00\u5207\u75c5\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u635f\u4f24\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30004. \u539f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u6216\u65e0\u771f\u6b63\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u7684\u8f83\u539f\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002\u5982\u7ec6\u83cc\u3001\u652f\u539f\u4f53\u548c\u8863\u539f\u4f53\u7b49\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u3002\u5176\u9057\u4f20\u7269\u8d28\u4e0d\u4e0e\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u88f8\u9732\u7684DNA\u94fe\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u62df\u6838\u533a\u3002\u539f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u7ed3\u6784\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u65e0\u590d\u6742\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u4f46\u6709\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u591a\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30005. \u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u7ed3\u6784\u590d\u6742\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002\u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u6240\u542b\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u5927\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u8f6c\u5f55\u8868\u8fbe\u6709\u65f6\u7a7a\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u5177\u6709\u751f\u7269\u819c\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30006. \u751f\u7269\u819cbiological membrane\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u819c\u7684\u603b\u79f0\u3002\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7ec4\u6210\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u819c\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u819c\u7684\u603b\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30007. \u5355\u4f4d\u819cunit membrane\uff1a\u7535\u955c\u4e0b\u89c2\u5bdf\u663e\u201c\u4e24\u6697\u5939\u4e00\u660e\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u751f\u7269\u819c\uff0c\u78f7\u8102\u53cc\u5206\u5b50\u5c42\u6784\u6210\u57fa\u672c\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4eb2\u6c34\u5934\u90e8\u5411\u5916\u901a\u8fc7\u9759\u7535\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0e\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7ed3\u5408\u6784\u6210\u6697\u7ebf\uff0c\u758f\u6c34\u5c3e\u90e8\u5411\u5185\u6784\u6210\u660e\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30008. \u5185\u819c\u7cfb\u7edfendomembrane system:\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8bb8\u591a\u7531\u819c\u6784\u6210\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u6216\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u901a\uff0c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u53c8\u7cbe\u5bc6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30009. \u6d41\u52a8\u9576\u5d4c\u6a21\u578b fluid mosaic model:(Singer&amp;Nicolson)\uff1a\u6db2\u6676\u6001\u7684\u8102\u53cc\u5c42\u6784\u6210\u819c\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u8102\u53cc\u5c42\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u9576\u5d4c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u9ecf\u9644\u5176\u8868\u3002\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7f3a\u70b9\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u5177\u6709\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u8d28\u819c\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u600e\u6837\u4fdd\u6301\u819c\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u819c\u7684\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5747\u5300\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300010.\u8102\u7b4f\u6a21\u578blipid rafts model:\u819c\u53cc\u5206\u5b50\u5c42\u7684\u5916\u5c42\u5bcc\u542b\u80c6\u56fa\u9187\u548c\u9798\u78f7\u8102\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5fae\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u805a\u96c6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u819c\u86cb\u767d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u9798\u78f7\u8102\u7684\u8102\u80aa\u9178\u5c3e\u6bd4\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u6bd4\u819c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u539a\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e14\u6d41\u52a8\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8102\u7b4f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300011.\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u9762\uff08cell surface\uff09\uff1a\u7531\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u88ab\u3001\u80de\u8d28\u6eb6\u80f6\u5c42\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u7279\u5316\u7ed3\u6784\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u590d\u5408\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300012.\u88ab\u52a8\u8fd0\u8f93\uff1a\u88ab\u8f6c\u8fd0\u7269\u8d28\u987a\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u4ece\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u901a\u8fc7\u751f\u7269\u819c\u5411\u4f4e\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u3002\u88ab\u52a8\u8fd0\u8f93\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u8017\u80fd\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6216\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8f7d\u4f53\u86cb\u767d\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300013.\u541e\u566c\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u5bf9\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u3001\u8870\u8001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7ec6\u80de\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ec6\u80de\u788e\u7247\u7b49\u5927\u9897\u7c92\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u8f6c\u8fd0\u5165\u80de\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e3a\u88ab\u541e\u7269\u7ed3\u5408\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u540e\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u5185\u9677\uff0c\u5c06\u7269\u8d28\u5305\u56f4\u5f62\u6210\u541e\u566c\u5c0f\u6ce1\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u6d88\u5316\u5206\u89e3\u3002\u541e\u566c\u4f5c\u7528\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u5de8\u566c\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u5355\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u53ca\u4e2d\u6027\u7c92\u7ec6\u80de\u7b49\u5c11\u6570\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300014.\u53d7\u4f53\u4ecb\u5bfc\u7684\u5185\u541e\u4f5c\u7528receptor mediated endocytosis\uff1a\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u901a\u8fc7\u53d7\u4f53\u7684\u4ecb\u5bfc\u6444\u53d6\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u4e13\u4e00\u6027\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e3a\u80de\u5916\u7684\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u9897\u7c92\u7269\u8d28\u5148\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u4e0a\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u53d7\u4f53\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u7ed3\u5408\u2014\u540e\u819c\u5185\u9677\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u88ab\u5c0f\u7a9d\u2014\u8fdb\u800c\u4e0e\u819c\u5206\u79bb\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u88ab\u5c0f\u6ce1\u2014\u6709\u88ab\u5c0f\u6ce1\u8131\u53bb\u5305\u88ab\u53d8\u6210\u65e0\u88ab\u5c0f\u6ce1\u2014\u65e0\u88ab\u5c0f\u6ce1\u4e0e\u5185\u4f53\u7ed3\u5408\u2014\u5f62\u6210\u521d\u7ea7\u5185\u4f53\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6b21\u7ea7\u5185\u4f53\u2014\u5185\u4f53\u88c2\u89e3\u4e3a\u542b\u53d7\u4f53\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce1\u548c\u542b\u914d\u4f53\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce1\u2014\u2014\u542b\u53d7\u4f53\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce1\u56de\u5230\u8d28\u819c\u518d\u5faa\u73af\u2014\u542b\u914d\u4f53\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce1\u5219\u4e0e\u6eb6\u9176\u4f53\u7ed3\u5408\u2014\u8fdb\u800c\u88ab\u6c34\u89e3\u9176\u6c34\u89e3\u5438\u6536\u3002\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\uff0c\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u6d53\u7f29\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6709\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300015.\u7535\u5b50\u4f20\u9012\u94fe\uff08\u547c\u5438\u94fe\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u5185\u819c\u4e0a\u6709\u5e8f\u5730\u6392\u5217\u6210\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u94fe\u72b6\u7684\u4f20\u9012H\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u9176\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca 3<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30001.\u7ec6\u80de(cell)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u7531\u819c\u5305\u56f4\u7740\u542b\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u6838(\u6216\u62df\u6838)\u7684\u539f\u751f\u8d28\u6240\u7ec4\u6210,\u662f\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d,\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u88c2\u800c\u589e\u6b96\uff0c\u662f\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u5355\u4f4d,\u6216\u662f\u591a\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u7ec4\u6210\u7ec6\u80de\u7fa4\u4f53\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6216\u5668\u5b98\u548c\u673a\u4f53\uff1b\u7ec6\u80de\u8fd8\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\uff1b\u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30002.\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28(cellplasma)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u9664\u6838\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u539f\u751f\u8d28,\u5373\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u4ee5\u5916\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u539f\u751f\u8d28\u90e8\u5206,\u5305\u62ec\u900f\u660e\u7684\u7c98\u6db2\u72b6\u7684\u80de\u8d28\u6eb6\u80f6\u53ca\u60ac\u6d6e\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30003.\u539f\u751f\u8d28(protoplasm)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u751f\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7269\u8d28,\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30004.\u539f\u751f\u8d28\u4f53(potoplast)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u8131\u53bb\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u53eb\u539f\u751f\u8d28\u4f53,\u662f\u4e00\u751f\u7269\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u690d\u7269\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u7ec6\u83cc(\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\u7684\u7ec6\u80de)\u901a\u8fc7\u9176\u89e3\u4f7f\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\u6eb6\u89e3\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5177\u6709\u8d28\u819c\u7684\u539f\u751f\u8d28\u7403\u72b6\u4f53\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u7ec6\u80de\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u539f\u751f\u8d28\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30005.\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66(cellbiology)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u662f\u4ee5\u7ec6\u80de\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61,\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u4e9a\u663e\u5fae\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u6c34\u5e73\u7b49\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u89c2\u70b9,\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u53f2\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u5206\u652f\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u6b21\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u4ece\u751f\u547d\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u6b21\u770b\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e0e\u53d1\u80b2\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u540c\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u8854\u63a5\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u6e17\u900f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30006.\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u8bf4(celltheory)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u8bf4\u662f1838\uff5e1839\u5e74\u95f4\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u65bd\u83b1\u767b\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u65bd\u65fa\u6240\u63d0\u51fa,\u76f4\u52301858\u5e74\u624d\u8f83\u5b8c\u5584\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2460\u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u6709\u673a\u4f53\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u53d1\u80b2\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u7269\u662f\u7531\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2461\u6240\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0a\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2462\u65b0\u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u7531\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u88c2\u800c\u6765\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2463\u751f\u7269\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u7ec6\u80de\u673a\u80fd\u5931\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30007.\u539f\u751f\u8d28\u7406\u8bba\uff08protoplasmtheory\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30001861\u5e74\u7531\u8212\u5c14\u7b56(maxschultze)\u63d0\u51fa,\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u4e00\u5c0f\u56e2\u539f\u751f\u8d28,\u8fd9\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e2d\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684,\u5e76\u628a\u7ec6\u80de\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a:\u201c\u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u7684\u6d3b\u7269\u8d28\u201d\u30021880\u5e74hanstain\u5c06\u7ec6\u80de\u6982\u5ff5\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u7531\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u5305\u56f4\u7740\u7684\u539f\u751f\u8d28,\u5206\u5316\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30008.\u7ec6\u80de\u9057\u4f20\u5b66(cytogenetics)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u7ed3\u5408\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ec6\u80de\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6,\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4ece\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd,\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u9057\u4f20\u73b0\u8c61,\u9610\u660e\u9057\u4f20\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30009.\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7406\u5b66(cytophysiology)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u540c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u7ed3\u5408\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u4ece\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6444\u53d6\u8425\u517b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u4ee3\u8c22\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u3001\u751f\u957f\u3001\u53d1\u80b2\u4e0e\u7e41\u6b96\u673a\u7406,\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ec6\u80de\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u79bb\u4f53\u57f9\u517b\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5177\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300010.\u7ec6\u80de\u5316\u5b66(cytochemistry)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u7ec6\u80de\u5316\u5b66,\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7ec4\u6210\u53ca\u5316\u5b66\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3001\u5206\u5e03\u53ca\u5176\u751f\u7406\u529f\u80fd,\u5305\u62ec\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u3002\u59821943\u5e74\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7(claude)\u7528\u9ad8\u901f\u79bb\u5fc3\u6cd5\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u5300\u6d46\u6db2\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7ec4\u6210\u548c\u751f\u7406\u529f\u80fd\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba:\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u6c27\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u30021924\u5e74feulgen\u53d1\u660e\u7684dna\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u67d3\u8272\u65b9\u6cd5&#8212;feulgen\u53cd\u5e94\u5f00\u521b\u4e86dna\u7684\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300011.\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66(molecularbiology)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50(\u6838\u9178\u3001\u86cb\u767d\u8d28)\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5408\u6210\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u9610\u660e\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5982\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5236\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u673a\u7406\u3001\u764c\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300012.\u5206\u5b50\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66(molecularbiologyofthecell)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4ee5\u7ec6\u80de\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61,\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5236,\u5373\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b,\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb,\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300013.\u652f\u539f\u4f53(mycoplasma)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u53c8\u79f0\u9709\u5f62\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u539f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u652f\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4ecb\u4e8e\u7ec6\u83cc\u4e0e\u75c5\u6bd2\u4e4b\u95f4,\u76f4\u5f84\u4e3a0.1\uff5e0.3um,\u7ea6\u4e3a\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00,\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u83cc\u5668\u3002\u652f\u539f\u4f53\u5f62\u6001\u591a\u53d8,\u6709\u5706\u5f62\u3001\u4e1d\u72b6\u6216\u68a8\u5f62\uff0c\u5149\u955c\u4e0b\u96be\u4ee5\u770b\u6e05\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u652f\u539f\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\u3002\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u73af\u72b6\u53cc\u87ba\u65cbdna\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u6838\u533a(\u62df\u6838),\u80fd\u6307\u5bfc\u5408\u6210700\u591a\u79cd\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3002\u652f\u539f\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u60df\u4e00\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u662f\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u7ea6\u6709800\uff5e1500\u4e2a\u3002\u652f\u539f\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u57fa\u4e0a\u57f9\u517b\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u5728\u5bc4\u4e3b\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u300a\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca\u5927\u5168\u300b\u5168\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u5f53\u524d\u7f51\u9875\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u5185\u5bb9\u8bf7\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875\u67e5\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u652f\u539f\u4f53\u6ca1\u6709\u97ad\u6bdb,\u65e0\u6d3b\u52a8\u80fd\u529b,\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u88c2\u6cd5\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u51fa\u82bd\u589e\u6b96\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300014.\u7ed3\u6784\u57df(domain)\u2236<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5f02\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u533a\u57df,\u7279\u522b\u6307\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5728\u7403\u5f62\u86cb\u767d\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u57df\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u56db\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784,\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u90e8\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206,\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u6784\u57df\u95f4\u5e38\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u5177\u4e8c\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u77ed\u5e8f\u5217\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u57df\u5e38\u7531\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5916\u663e\u5b50\u6240\u7f16\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300015.\u6a21\u677f\u7ec4\u88c5(templateassembly)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7531\u6a21\u677f\u6307\u5bfc,\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9176\u7684\u50ac\u5316\u4e0b,\u5408\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u4e0e\u6a21\u677f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ec4\u88c5\u65b9\u5f0f,dna\u548crna\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7ec4\u88c5\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300016.\u9176\u6548\u5e94\u7ec4\u88c5(enzymaticassembly)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5355\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9176\u7cfb\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b,\u751f\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5982\u4ee5\u8461\u8404\u7cd6\u4e3a\u539f\u6599\u65e2\u53ef\u5408\u6210\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7d20,\u4e5f\u53ef\u5408\u6210\u6dc0\u7c89,\u5c31\u770b\u8fdb\u5165\u90a3\u6761\u9176\u4fc3\u53cd\u5e94\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300017.\u81ea\u4f53\u7ec4\u88c5(selfassembly)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u501f\u52a9\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u81ea\u884c\u88c5\u914d\u6210\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5e94\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6a21\u677f\u548c\u9176\u7cfb\u7684\u50ac\u5316,\u4ee5\u522b\u4e8e\u6a21\u677f\u7ec4\u88c5\u548c\u9176\u6548\u5e94\u7ec4\u88c5\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec4\u88c5\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u79f0\u4e3a\u5206\u5b50\u4f34\u4fa3\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u4ecb\u5bfc,\u5982\u6838\u5c0f\u4f53\u7684\u7ec4\u88c5\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u6838\u8d28\u7d20\u7684\u4ecb\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300018.\u5f15\u53d1\u4f53(primosome)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u662f\u86cb\u767d\u590d\u5408\u4f53,\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u4efd\u662f\u5f15\u7269\u9176\u548cdna\u89e3\u65cb\u9176,\u662f\u5728\u5408\u6210\u7528\u4e8edna\u590d\u5236\u7684rna\u5f15\u7269\u65f6\u88c5\u914d\u7684\u3002\u5f15\u53d1\u4f53\u4e0edna\u7ed3\u5408\u540e\u968f\u5373\u7531\u5f15\u7269\u9176\u5408\u6210rna\u5f15\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300019.\u526a\u63a5\u4f53(splicesome)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u8fdb\u884chnrna\u526a\u63a5\u65f6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u591a\u7ec4\u5206\u590d\u5408\u7269,\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6709\u5c0f\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6838rna\u548c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300020\u539f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de(prokaryoticcell)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec4\u6210\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7ec6\u80de\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u6838,\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6838\u819c\u548c\u6838\u4ec1,\u53ea\u6709\u62df\u6838\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u5730\u4f4d\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300021.\u53e4\u7ec6\u83cc(archaebacteria)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u7c7b\u7279\u6b8a\u7ec6\u83cc\uff0c\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u80b2\u4e0a\u65e2\u4e0d\u5c5e\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c5e\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81(\u5982\u65e0\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u53ca\u7ec6\u80de\u5668)\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7279\u5f81(\u5982\u4ee5\u7532\u786b\u6c28\u9178\u8d77\u59cb\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u5408\u6210\uff0c\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\u5bf9\u6c2f\u9709\u7d20\u4e0d\u654f\u611f)\uff0c\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81(\u5982\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u819c\u8102\u8d28\u7684\u7c7b\u578b)\u3002\u56e0\u4e4b\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53e4\u7ec6\u83cc\u4ee3\u8868\u7531\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u7956\u5148\u4f20\u6765\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u754c\u751f\u7269(\u53e4\u7ec6\u83cc\uff0c\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269)\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5305\u62ec\u9178\u6027\u55dc\u70ed\u83cc\uff0c\u6781\u7aef\u55dc\u76d0\u83cc\u53ca\u7532\u70f7\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300022.\u771f\u7ec6\u83cc(bacteria,eubacteria)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u9664\u53e4\u7ec6\u83cc\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7ec6\u83cc\u5747\u79f0\u4e3a\u771f\u7ec6\u83cc\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u201c\u771f\u201d\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec6\u83cc\u76f8\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300023.\u4e2d\u819c\u4f53(mesosome)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u819c\u4f53\u53c8\u79f0\u95f4\u4f53\u6216\u8d28\u819c\u4f53,\u662f\u7ec6\u83cc\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u819c\u5411\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u5185\u9677\u6298\u76b1\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u6570\u4e2a\u4e2d\u819c\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u8272\u7d20\u548c\u7425\u73c0\u9178\u8131\u6c22\u9176,\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u63d0\u4f9b\u547c\u5438\u9176,\u5177\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u7684\u4f5c\u7528,\u6545\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a\u62df\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300024.\u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de(eucaryoticcell)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u6784\u6210\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u79f0\u4e3a\u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u7ed3\u6784,\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u3001\u6838\u819c\u3001\u6838\u4ec1\u548c\u6838\u57fa\u8d28;\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u5927\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u7279\u5316\u7684\u819c\u76f8\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u7e41\u591a,\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u548c\u539f\u751f\u751f\u7269(\u5982\u539f\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u85fb\u7c7b\u7ec6\u80de),\u53c8\u5305\u62ec\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u591a\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269(\u4e00\u5207\u52a8\u690d\u7269)\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300025.\u751f\u7269\u819c\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7cfb(biomembranesystem)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u5177\u6709\u819c\u5305\u88ab\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u603b\u79f0,\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u819c\u3001\u6838\u819c\u3001\u5185\u8d28\u7f51\u3001\u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u4f53\u3001\u6eb6\u9176\u4f53\u3001\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u548c\u53f6\u7eff\u4f53\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u819c\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u8d28\u819c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u4fdd\u62a4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4ea4\u6362\uff1b\u6838\u819c\u5c06\u9057\u4f20\u7269\u8d28\u4fdd\u62a4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\uff1b\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u548c\u53f6\u7eff\u4f53\u7684\u819c\u5c06\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u53d1\u751f\u540c\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\u9694\u79bb\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u80fd\u91cf\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u819c\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u63d0\u4f9b\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u8d28\u819c\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u533a\u5ba4\u5316\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9176\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5728\u819c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u819c\u8868\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u819c\u8868\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u6269\u5927\u548c\u533a\u5ba4\u5316\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e94\u6709\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u819c\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u8fd0\u8f93\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u86cb\u767d\u53ca\u65f6\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u5230\u4f4d\u800c\u53c8\u4e92\u4e0d\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6eb6\u9176\u4f53\u7684\u9176\u5408\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7acb\u5373\u88ab\u4fdd\u62a4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u76f4\u5904\u4e8e\u76d1\u62a4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u88ab\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u6eb6\u9176\u4f53\u5c0f\u6ce1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300026.\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u8868\u8fbe\u7ed3\u6784\u7cfb\u7edf(geneticexpressionsystem)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a\u9897\u7c92\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u548c\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u4e2d\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u8d28\u662f\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7531dna\u548c\u7ec4\u86cb\u767d\u6784\u6210\u3002\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u7531\u6838\u5c0f\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e32\u73e0\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5176\u76f4\u5f84\u4e3a10nm,\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a10\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ea4\u7ef4\u3002\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\u662f\u7531rna\u548c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6784\u6210\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u76f4\u5f84\u4e3a15\uff5e25nm\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u5c0f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e9a\u57fa\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u5408\u6210\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u300a\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca\u5927\u5168\u300b\u5168\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u5f53\u524d\u7f51\u9875\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u5185\u5bb9\u8bf7\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875\u67e5\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300027.\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u7cfb\u7edf(cytoskeletonicsystem)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u662f\u7531\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e0e\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u642d\u5efa\u8d77\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u7f51\u7edc\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u9aa8\u67b6\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u9aa8\u67b6\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ec6\u80de\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b89\u5c45\u4e50\u4e1a\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u7269\u8d28\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u6765\u8bf4\u53c8\u8d77\u4ea4\u901a\u52a8\u8109\u7684\u4f5c\u7528;\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u8fd8\u5c06\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u57fa\u8d28\u533a\u57df\u5316\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u7ec6\u80de\u79fb\u52a8\u884c\u8d70\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u9aa8\u67b6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5206\u662f\u5fae\u7ba1\u3001\u5fae\u4e1d\u548c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ea4\u7ef4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300028.\u7ec6\u80de\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66(cellsociology)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u662f\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u6574\u4f53\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7ec6\u80de\u95f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a(\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u95f4\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u901a\u8baf\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7b49)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4f53\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u7fa4\u5bf9\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u957f\u3001\u5206\u5316\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7b49\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5728\u4f53\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u7ec4\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u540c\u53d1\u80b2\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u884c\u4e3a;\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u7c98\u8fde\u3001\u901a\u8baf\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5f62\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u533b\u5b66\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca 4<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30001\uff0e \u5206\u8fa8\u7387(resolution)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u662f\u6307\u80fd\u5206\u8fa8\u51fa\u7684\u76f8\u90bb\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u70b9\u95f4\u6700\u5c0f\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ddd\u79bb\u79f0\u4e3a\u5206\u8fa8\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u5206\u8fa8\u8ddd\u79bb\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u8d8a\u9ad8\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5b9a\u2236\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6216\u4eba\u773c\u572825cm\u660e\u89c6\u8ddd\u79bb\u5904\uff0c\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5206\u8fa8\u88ab\u68c0\u7269\u4f53\u7ec6\u5fae\u7ed3\u6784\u6700\u5c0f\u95f4\u9694\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u3002\u4eba\u773c\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u662f 100 \u03bcm;\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u662f 0.2\u03bcm\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30002. \u8367\u5149(fluorescence)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5206\u5b50\u7531\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001\u56de\u5230\u57fa\u6001\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7535\u5b50\u8dc3\u8fc1\u800c\u7531\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u5206\u5b50\u53d1\u5c04\u7684\u5149\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf\u7167\u5c04\u540e\u53d1\u51fa\u8367\u5149\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u81ea\u53d1\u8367\u5149\uff0c\u5982\u53f6\u7eff\u7d20\u3001\u8840\u7ea2\u7d20\u7b49\u7ecf\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf\u7167\u5c04\u540e\uff0c\u80fd\u53d1\u51fa\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u8367\u5149\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u53d1\u8367\u5149;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u662f\u8bf1\u53d1\u8367\u5149\uff0c\u5373\u7269\u4f53\u7ecf\u8367\u5149\u67d3\u6599\u67d3\u8272\u540e\u518d\u901a\u8fc7\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf\u7167\u5c04\u53d1\u51fa\u8367\u5149\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u8bf1\u53d1\u8367\u5149\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30003. \u8367\u5149\u663e\u5fae\u955c(fluorescence microscope)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4ee5\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf\u4e3a\u5149\u6e90\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u7167\u5c04\u88ab\u68c0\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u53d1\u51fa\u8367\u5149\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u8367\u5149\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5438\u6536\u3001\u8fd0\u8f93\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u53ca\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30004. \u76f8\u5dee\u663e\u5fae\u955c(phase contrast microscope)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u76f8\u5dee\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u662f\u8377\u5170\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6zermike\u4e8e1935\u5e74\u53d1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u672a\u67d3\u8272\u6807\u672c\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u3002\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u672a\u67d3\u8272\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u7ec6\u80de\u5404\u90e8\u7ec6\u5fae\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6298\u5c04\u7387\u548c\u539a\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5149\u6ce2\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u6ce2\u957f\u548c\u632f\u5e45\u5e76\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ec5\u76f8\u4f4d\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316(\u632f\u5e45\u5dee)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u632f\u5e45\u5dee\u4eba\u773c\u65e0\u6cd5\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u800c\u76f8\u5dee\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4f4d\u5dee\uff0c\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u5149\u7684\u884d\u5c04\u548c\u5e72\u6d89\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u628a\u76f8\u5dee\u53d8\u4e3a\u632f\u5e45\u5dee\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u672a\u67d3\u8272\u7684\u6807\u672c\u3002\u76f8\u5dee\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u548c\u666e\u901a\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f:\u7528\u73af\u72b6\u5149\u9611\u4ee3\u66ff\u53ef\u53d8\u5149\u9611\uff0c\u7528\u5e26\u76f8\u677f\u7684\u7269\u955c\u4ee3\u66ff\u666e\u901a\u7269\u955c\uff0c\u5e76\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u8f74\u7528\u7684\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u76f8\u5dee\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6240\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7684\u529f\u80fd:\u2460\u5c06\u76f4\u5c04\u7684\u5149(\u89c6\u91ce\u4e2d\u80cc\u666f\u5149)\u4e0e\u7ecf\u7269\u4f53\u884d\u5c04\u7684\u5149\u5206\u5f00;\u2461\u5c06\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u6ce2\u957f\u4ece\u76f8\u4f4d\u4e2d\u9664\u53bb\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30005. \u653e\u5c04\u81ea\u663e\u5f71(autoradiography)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u653e\u5c04\u81ea\u663e\u5f71\u7684\u539f\u7406\u662f\u5229\u7528\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u6240\u53d1\u5c04\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5e26\u7535\u79bb\u5b50(\u03b1\u6216\u03b2\u7c92\u5b50)\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u611f\u5149\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5364\u5316\u94f6\u6676\u4f53\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u6f5c\u5f71\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6f5c\u5f71\u53ef\u7528\u663e\u5f71\u6db2\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u89c1\u7684&#8217;\u50cf&#8217;\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5364\u5316\u94f6\u4e73\u80f6\u663e\u50cf\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u6d4b\u91cf\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6838\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u4e0d\u65ad\u8870\u53d8\uff0c\u5f53\u8870\u53d8\u6389\u4e00\u534a\u65f6\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u79f0\u4e3a\u534a\u8870\u671f\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6838\u7d20\u7684\u534a\u8870\u671f\u957f\u77ed\u4e0d\u540c(\u8868)\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u663e\u5f71\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u591a\u9009\u7528\u534a\u8870\u671f\u8f83\u957f\u8005\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u534a\u8870\u671f\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u6838\u7d20\uff0c\u5e94\u9009\u7528\u8f83\u5feb\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u5236\u5907\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6240\u7528\u5242\u91cf\u4e5f\u5e94\u52a0\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u8868 \u81ea\u663e\u5f71\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u6838\u7d20\u7684\u534a\u8870\u671f\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u540d\u79f0 \u534a\u5bff\u671f \u7c92\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b \u80fd\u91cf(mev) \u540d\u79f0 \u534a\u5bff\u671f \u7c92\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b \u80fd\u91cf(mev)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30003h 12.3 yr \u03b2 0.018 45ca 152 d \u03b2 0.26<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300011c 20 min \u03b2 0.981 59fe 45 d \u03b2 0.46<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300014c 5700 yr \u03b2 0.155 \u03b3 1.30<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300032p 14.3 d \u03b2 1.71 60co 5.3 yr \u03b2 0.308<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300035s 87.2 d \u03b2 0.167 64cu 12.8 hr \u03b2 0.657<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000131i 8.0 d \u03b2 0.25 \u3000 \u3000 \u03b3 1.356. \u626b\u63cf\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c(scanningelectron microscopy\uff0csem)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u626b\u63cf\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u662f1965\u5e74\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u8f83\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5229\u7528\u4e8c\u6b21\u7535\u5b50\u4fe1\u53f7\u6210\u50cf\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u6781\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u53bb\u626b\u63cf\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u4e0e\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4ea7\u751f\u5404\u79cd\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u4e8c\u6b21\u7535\u5b50\u53d1\u5c04\u3002\u4e8c\u6b21\u7535\u5b50\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u653e\u5927\u7684\u5f62\u8c8c\u50cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u6837\u54c1\u88ab\u626b\u63cf\u65f6\u6309\u65f6\u5e8f\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u9010\u70b9\u6210\u50cf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u653e\u5927\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30007. \u626b\u63cf\u900f\u5c04\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c(scanning transmission electronmicroscopy\uff0cstem)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u65e2\u6709\u900f\u5c04\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u53c8\u6709\u626b\u63cf\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u3002\u8c61sem\u4e00\u6837\uff0cstem\u7528\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u5728\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u8868\u9762\u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u8c61tem\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u7a7f\u900f\u6837\u54c1\u6210\u50cf\u3002stem\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97tem\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002stem\u6280\u672f\u8981\u6c42\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u7684\u771f\u7a7a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7535\u5b50\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u6bd4tem\u548csem\u90fd\u8981\u590d\u6742\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30008. \u9ad8\u538b\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c(high-voltage electron microscopy\uff0chvem)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u540c\u900f\u5c04\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7535\u538b\u7279\u522b\u9ad8\u3002tem\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u7535\u538b\u662f50\uff5e100kv\uff0c\u800chvem\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7535\u538b\u662f200\uff5e1000kv\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7535\u538b\u9ad8\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u51cf\u5c11\u9020\u6210\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u7578\u53d8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8f83\u539a\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5207\u7247\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5207\u7247\u7684\u539a\u5ea6\u6700\u5927\u53ef\u8fbe1\u03bcm\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u666e\u901atem\u6837\u54c1\u539a\u5ea6\u768410\u500d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u30009. \u8d1f\u67d3\u8272(negative stainning)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7528\u91cd\u91d1\u5c5e\u76d0(\u5982\u78f7\u94a8\u9178\u94a0\u3001\u918b\u9178\u94c0\u7b49)\u5bf9\u94fa\u5c55\u5728\u8f7d\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u67d3\u8272\uff0c\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u8f7d\u7f51\u90fd\u94fa\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c42\u91cd\u91d1\u5c5e\u76d0\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u51f8\u51fa\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u67d3\u6599\u6c89\u79ef\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7535\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\u9ad8\u7684\u91cd\u91d1\u5c5e\u76d0\u5305\u57cb\u4e86\u6837\u54c1\u4e2d\u4f4e\u7535\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u80cc\u666f\u6563\u5c04\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u53cd\u5dee\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u56fe\u50cf\u4e2d\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u88ab\u5305\u57cb\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u9897\u7c92\u5219\u900f\u660e\u5149\u4eae\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u67d3\u8272\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d1f\u67d3\u6280\u672f\u3002\u8d1f\u67d3\u8272\u662f\u53ea\u67d3\u80cc\u666f\u800c\u4e0d\u67d3\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300010. \u94f8\u578b\u6280\u672f(shadow casting)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u94f8\u578b\u6280\u672f\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u589e\u5f3a\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u5f85\u89c2\u5bdf\u6837\u54c1\u53cd\u5dee\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec:\u2460\u5c06\u6837\u54c1\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e91\u6bcd\u7684\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5e72\u71e5;\u2461\u5728\u771f\u7a7a\u88c5\u7f6e\u6837\u54c1\u9540\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c42\u91cd\u91d1\u5c5e(\u91d1\u6216\u94c2\u91d1)\uff0c\u55b7\u9540\u65f6\u7684\u52a0\u70ed\u4e1d\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6;\u2462\u5c06\u6837\u54c1\u9540\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c42\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u94f8\u578b\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027;\u2463\u5c06\u94f8\u578b\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9178\u6c60\u4e2d\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u53ea\u7559\u4e0b\u91d1\u5c5e\u94f8\u578b;\u2464\u5c06\u94f8\u578b\u6f02\u6d17\u540e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u8f7d\u7f51\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300011. \u51b0\u51bb\u65ad\u88c2\u590d\u578b(freeze-fracture replication)\u6280\u672f<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5148\u5c06\u751f\u7269\u6837\u54c1\u5728\u6db2\u6c2e\u4e2d(-196\u2103)\u8fdb\u884c\u5feb\u901f\u51b7\u51bb\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5f62\u6210\u51b0\u6676\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u51b7\u51bb\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u8fc5\u901f\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u51b7\u51bb\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u8fc5\u901f\u62bd\u6210\u771f\u7a7a\u3002\u5728\u771f\u7a7a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u51b0\u5200\u6a2a\u5207\u51b0\u51bb\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u4f7f\u6837\u54c1\u5185\u5c42\u88ab\u5206\u5f00\u9732\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u8868\u9762\u3002\u5982\u7528\u51b0\u5200\u5207\u5f00\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u65f6\uff0c\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u9762\u5206\u522b\u79f0\u4e3ap\u9762(protoplasmicface)\u548ce\u9762(exoplasmicface)\uff0cp\u9762\u662f\u9760\u8fd1\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u4e00\u9762\u7684\u534a\u5c42\u819c\uff0c\u800ce\u9762\u5219\u662f\u9760\u8fd1\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u57fa\u8d28\u9762\u7684\u534a\u5c42\u819c\uff0c\u53ef\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u9576\u5d4c\u86cb\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300012. \u51b0\u51bb\u8680\u523b(freeze-etching)\u6280\u672f<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u662f\u5728\u51b0\u51bb\u65ad\u88c2\u6280\u672f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u590d\u578b\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u51b0\u51bb\u65ad\u88c2\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u7a0d\u5fae\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u8ba9\u6837\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u51b0\u5728\u771f\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5347\u534e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u6d6e\u96d5\u51fa\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u7684\u8d85\u5fae\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5f53\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u51b0\u5347\u534e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u6d6e\u96d5\u8868\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u94c2-\u78b3\u590d\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8150\u8680\u6027\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u9664\u53bb\u751f\u7269\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u590d\u578b\u7ecf\u91cd\u84b8\u6c34\u591a\u6b21\u6e05\u6d17\u540e\uff0c\u7f6e\u4e8e\u8f7d\u7f51\u4e0a\u4f5c\u7535\u955c\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300013. \u626b\u63cf\u96a7\u9053\u663e\u5fae\u955c(scanning tunneling microscope\uff0cstm)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u626b\u63cf\u96a7\u9053\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4f7f\u7528\u7535\u5b50\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u91d1\u5c5e\u9488\u5c16\u5728\u5728\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u626b\u63cf\u3002\u5f53\u9488\u5c16\u548c\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u8ddd\u79bb\u5f88\u8fd1\u65f6(1nm\u4ee5\u4e0b)\uff0c\u9488\u5c16\u548c\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7535\u538b\u3002\u5f53\u9488\u5c16\u6cbfx\u548cy\u65b9\u5411\u5728\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u626b\u63cf\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u9488\u5c16\u548c\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u7535\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u7535\u5b50\u96a7\u9053\u3002\u8be5\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6cbfz\u5b57\u5f62\u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4fdd\u6301\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u6052\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9488\u5c16\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u662f\u96a7\u9053\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u8367\u5149\u5e55\u4e0a\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u626b\u63cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u539f\u5b50\u7ea7\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u7684\u8868\u9762\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4e0e\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6216x\u7ebf\u884d\u5c04\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u626b\u63cf\u96a7\u9053\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u70b9\u2236<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2460 \u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u626b\u63cf\u96a7\u9053\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5177\u6709\u539f\u5b50\u7ea7\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\uff0c\u5176\u6a2a\u5411\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u4e3al\uff0c\u7eb5\u5411\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u8fbe0.1\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2461\u626b\u63cf\u96a7\u9053\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u63a2\u6d4b\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u8868\u9762\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53ef\u7ed8\u51fa\u7acb\u4f53\u4e09\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u56fe\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2462\u626b\u63cf\u96a7\u9053\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u53ef\u5728\u771f\u7a7a\u3001\u5e38\u538b\u3001\u7a7a\u6c14\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u63a2\u6d4b\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u9ad8\u80fd\u7535\u5b50\u675f\uff0c\u5bf9\u8868\u9762\u6ca1\u6709\u7834\u574f\u4f5c\u7528(\u5982\u8f90\u5c04\uff0c\u70ed\u635f\u4f24\u7b49)\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5bf9\u751f\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6837\u54c1\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u4f24\u800c\u4fdd\u6301\u5b8c\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2463\u626b\u63cf\u96a7\u9053\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u626b\u63cf\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u77ed\uff0c\u6210\u50cf\u4e5f\u5feb\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f00\u5c55\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u2464 \u4e0d\u9700\u4efb\u4f55\u900f\u955c\uff0c \u4f53\u79ef\u5c0f\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a&#8217;\u53e3\u888b\u663e\u5fae\u955c'(pocketmicroscope)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300014. \u9176\u7ec6\u80de\u5316\u5b66\u6280\u672f(enzyme cytochemistry)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5c06\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u7684\u9176\u4e0e\u5e95\u7269\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u9176\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53cd\u5e94\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u5728\u9176\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u90e8\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u6355\u6349\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u9176\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u53cd\u5e94\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u7ecf\u6355\u6349\u53cd\u5e94\u6765\u95f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u660e\u9176\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u79f0\u4e3a\u9176\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u9176\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u53cd\u5e94: \u7b2c\u4e00\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u9176\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5e95\u7269\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u79f0\u9176\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u79f0\u4e3a\u521d\u7ea7\u53cd\u5e94\u4ea7\u7269;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u6355\u6349\u5242\u4e0e\u521d\u7ea7\u53cd\u5e94\u4ea7\u7269\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u79f0\u6355\u6349\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u6700\u7ec8\u53cd\u5e94\u4ea7\u7269\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300015. \u514d\u75ab\u8367\u5149\u6280\u672f(immunofluorescence)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5c06\u514d\u75ab\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5(\u6297\u539f\u6297\u4f53\u7279\u5f02\u7ed3\u5408)\u4e0e\u8367\u5149\u6807\u8bb0\u6280\u672f\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u7279\u5f02\u86cb\u767d\u6297\u539f\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8367\u5149\u7d20\u6240\u53d1\u7684\u8367\u5149\u53ef\u5728\u8367\u5149\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u68c0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u5bf9\u6297\u539f\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec6\u80de\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300016. \u514d\u75ab\u7535\u955c(immunoelectron microscopy)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5c06\u6297\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u7279\u6b8a\u6807\u8bb0\u540e\u7528\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u89c2\u5bdf\u514d\u75ab\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6807\u8bb0\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u514d\u75ab\u94c1\u86cb\u767d\u6280\u672f\u3001\u514d\u75ab\u9176\u6807\u6280\u672f\u548c\u514d\u75ab\u80f6\u4f53\u91d1\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5982\u514d\u75ab\u94c1\u86cb\u767d\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5c06\u542b\u94c1\u86cb\u767d\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u4f4e\u5206\u5b50\u91cf\u7684\u53cc\u529f\u80fd\u8bd5\u5242\u4e0e\u6297\u4f53\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u53cc\u5206\u5b50\u590d\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u4fdd\u7559\u6297\u4f53\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u5177\u6709\u7535\u955c\u4e0b\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u9ad8\u7535\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\u94c1\u79bb\u5b50\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7528\u94c1\u86cb\u767d\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u6297\u4f53\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u955c\u514d\u75ab\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u7535\u955c\u4e0b\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u7684\u6297\u539f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u56fa\u5b9a\u6280\u672f(\u5982\u9507\u9178\u56fa\u5b9a)\u5bf9\u6297\u4f53\u6297\u539f\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u6709\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u8f83\u4e3a\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u5236\u5907\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300017. \u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u5206\u9009(chromosome sorting)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7528\u6d41\u5f0f\u7ec6\u80de\u8ba1\u5206\u9009\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u9009\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u7528\u5e26\u6709\u8367\u5149\u6807\u8bb0\u7684dna\u63a2\u9488\u540c\u7279\u5f02\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f85\u5206\u9009\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u5e26\u4e0a\u6807\u8bb0\u3002\u5728\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u5206\u9009\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u63a2\u9488\u662f\u540c\u6240\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u4e92\u8865\u7684\u5be1\u805a\u6838\u82f7\u9178\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a2\u9488\u4e5f\u53ef\u540c\u8367\u5149\u67d3\u6599\u5076\u8054\u3002\u5c06\u7ed3\u5408\u6709\u8367\u5149\u67d3\u6599\u7684\u63a2\u9488\u540c\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u4e00\u8d77\u6e29\u80b2\uff0c\u4f7f\u63a2\u9488\u540c\u7279\u5f02\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u6742\u4ea4\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6742\u4ea4\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u5c31\u88ab\u5e26\u4e0a\u4e86\u8367\u5149\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u7a00\u91ca\u540e\u9001\u5165\u6d41\u5f0f\u7ec6\u80de\u8ba1\u7684\u6d41\u5ba4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u9009\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e00\u6837\u5c06\u7279\u5f02\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u5206\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300018. \u663e\u5fae\u5206\u5149\u5149\u5ea6\u672f(microspectrophotometry)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5c06\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u5206\u5149\u5149\u5ea6\u8ba1\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5b83\u4ee5\u7269\u8d28\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5149\u5438\u6536\u3001\u8367\u5149\u53d1\u5c04\u548c\u5149\u53cd\u5c04\u7279\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6d4b\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u6765\u5206\u6790\u751f\u7269\u6837\u54c1\u7ec6\u5fae\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3001\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300019. \u663e\u5fae\u8367\u5149\u5149\u5ea6\u672f(microfluorometry)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5229\u7528\u663e\u5fae\u5206\u5149\u5149\u5ea6\u8ba1\u5bf9\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u539f\u6709\u80fd\u53d1\u5149\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6216\u5bf9\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u5404\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u6210\u5206\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8367\u5149\u7ecf\u8367\u5149\u63a2\u9488\u6807\u8bb0\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3001\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u5730\u6d4b\u5b9a\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u663e\u5fae\u8367\u5149\u5149\u5ea6\u672f\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u7ec6\u80de\u8367\u5149\u5149\u5ea6\u672f(cytofluorometry)\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fae\u89c2\u800c\u7075\u654f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u53ca\u5176\u53d8\u5316\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300020 \u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u6280\u672f(nuclear magnetic resonance\uff0c nmr)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7814\u7a76\u6eb6\u6db2\u548c\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u76f8\u5bf9\u5206\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u8f83\u5c0f(20\uff0c000\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u4ee5\u4e0b)\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3001\u6838\u9178\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c \u800c\u4e0d\u635f\u4f24\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u662f:\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u6709\u81ea\u65cb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c \u5728\u6052\u5b9a\u7684\u78c1\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u65cb\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5c06\u7ed5\u5916\u52a0\u78c1\u573a\u4f5c\u56de\u65cb\u8f6c\u52a8\uff0c\u53eb\u8fdb\u52a8(precession)\u3002\u8fdb\u52a8\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u9891\u7387\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u6240\u52a0\u78c1\u573a\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u5982\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u518d\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u9891\u7387\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\uff0c\u5e76\u8c03\u8282\u5916\u52a0\u78c1\u573a\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fdb\u52a8\u9891\u7387\u4e0e\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u9891\u7387\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u8fdb\u52a8\u4e0e\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u4ea7\u751f\u5171\u632f\uff0c\u53eb\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u3002\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u65f6\uff0c \u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5438\u6536\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u5438\u6536\u66f2\u7ebf\u5c31\u662f\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u8c31(nmr-spectrum)\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u632f\u9891\u7387\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u632f\u8c31\u3002\u8bb0\u5f55\u8fd9\u79cd\u6ce2\u8c31\u5373\u53ef\u5224\u65ad\u8be5\u539f\u5b50\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u6240\u5904\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u76f8\u5bf9\u6570\u76ee\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u5206\u5b50\u91cf\u7684\u6d4b\u5b9a\uff0c \u5e76\u5bf9\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5408\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300021. \u7ec6\u80de\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f(cell engineering)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec6\u80de\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e0e\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5229\u7528\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u7406\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u7684\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u4eec\u9884\u5148\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u6216\u521b\u9020\u7ec6\u80de\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u4f53\u5916\u5927\u91cf\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u6216\u83b7\u5f97\u7ec6\u80de\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u6216\u5229\u7528\u7ec6\u80de\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u878d\u5408\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u53cd\u5e94\u5668\u3001\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u79fb\u690d\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u53ca\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57f9\u517b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300022. \u539f\u4ee3\u57f9\u517b(primary culture)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u539f\u4ee3\u57f9\u517b\u662f\u6307\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u673a\u4f53\u53d6\u4e0b\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5668\u5b98\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u8fdb\u884c\u57f9\u517b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u6307\u6210\u529f\u4f20\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u57f9\u517b\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u4e8c\u500d\u4f53\u6570\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u628a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u81f3\u7b2c\u5341\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u7ec6\u80de\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u539f\u4ee3\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u539f\u4ee3\u57f9\u517b\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5757\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u5206\u6563\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5757\u57f9\u517b\u662f\u5c06\u526a\u788e\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5757\u76f4\u63a5\u79fb\u690d\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u74f6\u58c1\u4e0a\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u57f9\u517b\u57fa\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u57f9\u517b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5206\u6563\u57f9\u517b\u5219\u662f\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5757\u7528\u673a\u68b0\u6cd5\u6216\u5316\u5b66\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u6563\u3002\u5982\u6b32\u4ece\u80ce\u513f\u6216\u65b0\u751f\u513f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5206\u79bb\u5230\u6d3b\u6027\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6e38\u79bb\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7528\u86cb\u767d\u6c34\u89e3\u9176\uff08\u5982\u80f0\u86cb\u767d\u9176\u548c\u80f6\u539f\u9176\uff09\u6d88\u5316\u7ec6\u80de\u95f4\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u7528\u91d1\u5c5e\u79bb\u5b50\u87af\u5408\u5242\uff08\u5982edta\uff09\u9664\u53bb\u7ec6\u80de\u4e92\u76f8\u7c98\u7740\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684ca2+ \uff0c\u518d\u7ecf\u673a\u68b0\u8f7b\u5ea6\u632f\u8361\uff0c \u4f7f\u4e4b\u6210\u4e3a\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u300023. \u6108\u4f24\u7ec4\u7ec7(callus\uff0c culli)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u690d\u7269\u53d7\u521b\u4f24\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4f24\u9762\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u79f0\u4e3a\u6108\u4f24\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u521b\u4f24\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u540e\uff0c\u4f24\u9762\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5206\u88c2\u673a\u80fd\uff0c\u52a0\u901f\u589e\u751f\u800c\u5c06\u4f24\u9762\u6108\u5408\u3002\u5728\u690d\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57f9\u517b\u4e2d\u7684\u6108\u4f24\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u6307\u690d\u7269\u7ec6\u80de\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57f9\u517b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u65e0\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56e2\u5757\uff0c\u5728\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6108\u4f24\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u518d\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u82bd\u3001\u6839\uff0c\u518d\u751f\u6210\u690d\u682a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> #artContent h1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3000\u3000\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff08Biology\uff09\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u516d\u5927\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5c0f\u7f16\u6536 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/?p=42669\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-70"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42669","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=42669"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42669\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=42669"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=42669"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zydq.1006ss.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=42669"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}