\u60f3\u8981\u5b66\u597d\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6280\u5de7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u597d\u6d88\u606f\u662f\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u9648\u5ff5\u7956\u5728\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u4e3a\u540e\u4e16\u5b66\u4e2d\u533b\u7684\u4eba\u6253\u597d\u57fa\u7840\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u719f\u8bfb\u5404\u7c7b\u7ecf\u5178\u4e2d\u533b\u540d\u8457\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u533b\u5b66\u4e09\u5b57\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5b66\u4e2d\u533b\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u53d8\u5f97\u8f7b\u677e\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u300a\u533b\u5b66\u4e09\u5b57\u7ecf\u300b\u4e4b\u533b\u5b66\u6e90\u6d41\u7bc7<\/p>\n
\u533b\u4e4b\u59cb \u672c\u5c90\u9ec4 \u7075\u67a2\u4f5c \u7d20\u95ee\u8be6 \u96be\u7ecf\u51fa \u66f4\u6d0b\u6d0b \u8d8a\u6c49\u5b63 \u6709\u5357\u9633 \u516d\u7ecf\u8fa8 \u5723\u9053\u5f70<\/p>\n
\u4f24\u5bd2\u7740 \u91d1\u532e\u85cf \u5782\u65b9\u6cd5 \u7acb\u6d25\u6881 \u674e\u5510\u540e \u6709\u5343\u91d1 \u5916\u53f0\u7ee7 \u91cd\u533b\u6797 \u540e\u4f5c\u8005 \u6e10\u6d78\u6deb<\/p>\n
\u7ea2\u7d2b\u8272 \u90d1\u536b\u97f3 \u8fe8\u4e1c\u57a3 \u91cd\u813e\u80c3 \u6e29\u71e5\u884c \u5347\u6e05\u6c14 \u867d\u672a\u9187 \u4ea6\u8db3\u8d35 \u82e5\u6cb3\u95f4 \u4e13\u4e3b\u706b<\/p>\n
\u9075\u4e4b\u7ecf \u65ad\u81ea\u6211 \u4e00\u4e8c\u65b9 \u5947\u800c\u59a5 \u4e39\u6eaa\u51fa \u7f55\u4e0e\u4fe6 \u9634\u5b9c\u8865 \u9633\u52ff\u6d6e \u6742\u75c5\u6cd5 \u56db\u5b57\u6c42<\/p>\n
\u82e5\u5b50\u548c \u4e3b\u653b\u7834 \u4e2d\u75c5\u826f \u52ff\u592a\u8fc7 \u56db\u5927\u5bb6 \u58f0\u540d\u566a \u5fc5\u8bfb\u4e66 \u9519\u540d\u53f7 \u660e\u4ee5\u540e \u987b\u914c\u91cf<\/p>\n
\u8be6\u800c\u5907 \u738b\u80af\u5802 \u859b\u6c0f\u6309 \u8bf4\u9a91\u5899 \u58eb\u6750\u8bf4 \u5b88\u5176\u5e38 \u666f\u5cb3\u51fa \u7740\u65b0\u65b9 \u77f3\u987d\u7eed \u6e29\u8865\u4e61<\/p>\n
\u732e\u53ef\u8bba \u5408\u4e8c\u5f20 \u8bca\u8109\u6cd5 \u6fd2\u6e56\u6602 \u6570\u5b50\u7740 \u5404\u4e00\u957f \u63c6\u8bf8\u53e4 \u4ea6\u8352\u5510 \u957f\u6c99\u5ba4 \u5c1a\u5fac\u5fa8<\/p>\n
\u60df\u97f5\u4f2f \u80fd\u5baa\u7ae0 \u5f90\u5c24\u7740 \u672c\u55bb\u660c \u5927\u4f5c\u8005 \u63a8\u94b1\u5510 \u53d6\u6cd5\u4e0a \u5f97\u6148\u822a<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u300a\u533b\u5b66\u4e09\u5b57\u7ecf\u300b\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u4e2d\u533b\u53d1\u5c55\u91cd\u8981\u8282\u70b9<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u5c90\u9ec4\u4e4b\u672f<\/p>\n
\u5c90\u9ec4\u4e4b\u672f\uff0c\u9ec4\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8f69\u8f95\u9ec4\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c90\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u81e3\u5b50\u5c90\u4f2f\u3002\u76f8\u4f20\u9ec4\u5e1d\u5e38\u4e0e\u5c90\u4f2f\u3001\u96f7\u516c\u7b49\u81e3\u5b50\u5750\u800c\u8bba\u9053\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u533b\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u56e0\u3001\u8bca\u65ad\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cbb\u7597\u7b49\u539f\u7406\u8bbe\u95ee\u4f5c\u7b54\uff0c\u4e88\u4ee5\u9610\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u9ec4\u5e1d\u5185\u7ecf\u300b\u8fd9\u90e8\u533b\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u540e\u4e16\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u9ec4\u5e1d\u3001\u5c90\u4f2f\u7684\u5c0a\u5d07\uff0c\u9042\u5c06\u5c90\u9ec4\u4e4b\u672f\u6307\u4ee3\u4e2d\u533b\u533b\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300a\u9ec4\u5e1d\u5185\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u4e2d\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u3001\u6700\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u4e2d\u533b\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u76f4\u81f3\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u51e1\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e2d\u533b\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4ecd\u662f\u8a00\u5fc5\u79f0\u5f15\u300a\u9ec4\u5e1d\u5185\u7ecf\u300b\u4e4b\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u7075\u67a2\u7d20\u95ee<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7075\u67a2\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7d20\u95ee\u300b\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u4e24\u90e8\u4e2d\u533b\u7406\u8bba\u533b\u8457\uff0c\u59cb\u89c1\u4e8e\u300a\u9ec4\u5e1d\u5185\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\u539f\u4e6618\u5377\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d9\u5377\u65e0\u4e66\u540d\uff0c\u6c49\u664b\u65f6\u5019\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u4e5d\u5377\u300b\u6216\u300a\u9488\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u4ee5\u540e\u522b\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u7075\u67a2\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u975e\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u65f6\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u5f62\u6210\u4e8e\u6218\u56fd\u81f3\u4e1c\u6c49\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7d20\u95ee\u300b\u5185\u5bb9\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5305\u88f9\u9634\u9633\u4e94\u884c\uff0c\u810f\u8c61\u6c14\u8840\uff0c\u4fde\u7a74\u9488\u9053\uff0c\u75c5\u56e0\u75c5\u673a\uff0c\u8bca\u6cd5\u75c5\u75c7\uff0c\u6cbb\u5219\u6cbb\u6cd5\uff0c\u533b\u5fb7\u517b\u751f\uff0c\u8fd0\u6c14\u5b66\u8bf4\u7b49\uff0c\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eba\u4f53\u751f\u7406\u3001\u75c5\u7406\u3001\u8bca\u65ad\u3001\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7075\u67a2\u300b\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u810f\u8151\u7ecf\u7edc\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u7075\u201d \u6307\u4eba\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u6240\u8c13’\u771f\u7075\u4e4b\u6c14\u201d\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u533b\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u662f\u5b83\u4fc3\u6210\u6574\u4e2a\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u8f6c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5404\u4e2a\u5668\u5b98\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u201c\u67a2\u201d \u662f\u6c14\u5728\u4f53\u5185\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u67a2\u673a\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u6c14\u4e4b\u67a2\u673a\uff0c\u9488\u523a\u65b9\u53ef\u89c1\u6548\uff0c\u6545\u66f0\u300a\u7075\u67a2\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n
3\u3001\u96be\u7ecf\u4e0e\u6241\u9e4a<\/p>\n
\u300a\u96be\u7ecf\u300b\u539f\u540d\u300a\u9ec4\u5e1d\u516b\u5341\u4e00\u96be\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u533b\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e3a\u6241\u9e4a\u6240\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4ee5\u95ee\u7b54\u89e3\u91ca\u7591\u96be\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7f16\u64b0\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u5171\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e8681\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6545\u53c8\u79f0\u300a\u516b\u5341\u4e00\u96be\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5168\u4e66\u6240\u8ff0\u4ee5\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u75c5\u8bc1\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u96be\u4e3a\u8109\u5b66\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u96be\u4e3a\u7ecf\u7edc\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u81f3\u56db\u5341\u4e03\u96be\u4e3a\u810f\u8151\uff0c\u56db\u5341\u516b\u81f3\u516d\u5341\u4e00\u96be\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u516d\u5341\u4e8c\u81f3\u516d\u5341\u516b\u4e3a\u8167\u7a74\uff0c\u516d\u5341\u4e5d\u81f3\u516b\u5341\u4e00\u96be\u4e3a\u9488\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
4\u3001\u4f24\u5bd2\u6742\u75c5\u8bba<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4f24\u5bd2\u6742\u75c5\u8bba\u300b\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u533b\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u8bba\u8ff0\u5916\u611f\u75c5\u4e0e\u5185\u79d1\u6742\u75c5\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u5178\u7c4d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u4e1c\u6c49\u672b\u5e74\u5f20\u4ef2\u666f\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u533b\u9662\u6821\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u7840\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4f24\u5bd2\u6742\u75c5\u8bba\u300b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4f24\u5bd2\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u75c7\u72b6\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u548c\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f24\u5bd2\u75c5\u7684\u201c\u516d\u7ecf\u5206\u7c7b\u201d\u7684\u8fa8\u8bc1\u65bd\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7406\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u65b9\u3001\u836f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
5\u3001\u5343\u91d1\u8981\u65b9<\/p>\n
\u300a\u5343\u91d1\u65b9\u300b\u662f\u4eba\u79f0\u201c\u836f\u738b\u201d\u7684\u5510\u4ee3\u5b59\u601d\u9088\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u8457\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6240\u8f7d\u533b\u8bba\u3001\u533b\u65b9\u8f83\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5510\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u79d1\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u5343\u91d1\u65b9\u300b\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u533b\u5b66\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u517130\u5377\uff0c\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u8457\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u96c6\u5510\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\u8bca\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u5927\u6210\uff0c\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u533b\u5bb6\u5f71\u54cd\u6781\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n
6\u3001\u91d1\u5143\u56db\u5927\u5bb6<\/p>\n
\u91d1\u5143\u56db\u5927\u5bb6\u6307\u91d1\u5143\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u51431115-1368\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u5218\u5b8c\u7d20\u3001\u5f20\u4ece\u6b63\u3001\u674e\u6772\u3001\u6731\u9707\u4ea8\uff08\u4e5f\u53eb\u6731\u4e39\u6eaa\uff09\u56db\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u533b\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u91d1\u5143\u56db\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5218\u5b8c\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u591a\u56e0\u706b\u70ed\u800c\u8d77\uff0c\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0a\u591a\u8fd0\u7528\u5bd2\u51c9\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5bd2\u51c9\u6d3e\u3002\u5f20\u4ece\u6b63\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cbb\u75c5\u5e94\u7740\u91cd\u9a71\u90aa\uff0c\u201c\u90aa\u53bb\u800c\u6b63\u5b89\u3002\u201d\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u9762\u4e30\u5bcc\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u6c57\u3001\u5410\u3001\u4e0b\u4e09\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e16\u79f0\u201c\u653b\u90aa\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u674e\u6772\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u4ee5\u80c3\u6c14\u4e3a\u672c\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0a\u957f\u4e8e\u6e29\u8865\u813e\u80c3\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u8865\u571f\u6d3e\u201d\u3002\u6731\u9707\u4ea8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u9633\u5e38\u6709\u4f59\u3001\u9634\u5e38\u4e0d\u8db3\u201d\uff0c\u5584\u7528\u201c\u6ecb\u9634\u964d\u706b\u201d\u7684\u6cbb\u5219\uff0c\u4e16\u79f0\u201c\u517b\u9634\u6d3e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5b8b\u91d1\u5143\u65f6\u671f\u662f\u4e2d\u533b\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65b0\u5b66\u8087\u5174\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7531\u4e8e\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6218\u4e71\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u8d2b\u82e6\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ea7\u751f\u91d1\u5143\u56db\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u533b\u5bb6\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u8bf4\uff0c\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n
7\u3001\u666f\u5cb3\u5168\u4e66<\/p>\n
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8\u3001\u94b1\u5858\u533b\u6d3e<\/p>\n
\u94b1\u5858\u533b\u6d3e\u662f\u660e\u672b\u81f3\u6e05\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u94b1\u5858(\u676d\u5dde)\u533b\u5bb6\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u96c6\u8bb2\u5b66\u3001\u7814\u7ecf\u4e0e\u8bca\u7597\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002\u5f00\u5c71\u4e4b\u7956\u4e3a\u94b1\u5858\u533b\u5bb6\u5362\u590d\u3001\u5362\u4e4b\u987e\u3001\u5f20\u537f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e2d\u575a\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u5f20\u5fd7\u806a\u3001\u5f20\u9521\u9a79\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u9ad8\u4e16\u62ed\u3001\u4ef2\u5b66\u8f72\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f20\u627f\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u94b1\u5858\u533b\u6d3e\u6709\u660e\u786e\u540c\u95e8\u53ca\u5e08\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u533b\u5bb6\u670940\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u624d\u6d4e\u6d4e\u9887\u4e3a\u58ee\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f20\u537f\u5b50\u3001\u5f20\u5fd7\u806a\u548c\u5f20\u9521\u9a79\uff0c\u88ab\u5408\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u94b1\u5858\u4e09\u5f20\u201d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5f20\u5fd7\u806a (1616-1674) \u6700\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u94b1\u5858\u533b\u6d3e\u627f\u4e0a\u542f\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5927\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u5c11\u5e74\u4e27\u7236\u3001\u5f03\u5112\u4e60\u533b\uff0c\u66fe\u62dc\u660e\u672b\u676d\u57ce\u540d\u533b\u5f20\u537f\u5b50(1589-1668)\u3001\u5362\u4e4b\u987e(\u7ea61598-1664\uff0c\u540d\u533b\u5362\u590d\u4e4b\u5b50) \u4e3a\u5e08\u3002\u5f20\u5fd7\u806a\u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\u4e3a\u7cae\u9053\u4e66\u66f4\uff0c\u56e0\u7528\u4e00\u5242\u8865\u4e2d\u76ca\u6c14\u6c64\u6cbb\u597d\u7cae\u9053\u5b98\u7684\u7624\u95ed\u987d\u75be\u800c\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u300a\u533b\u5b66\u4e09\u5b57\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u7b80\u4fbf\u597d\u8bb0\u5fc6<\/p>\n
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2\u3001\u63a8\u5d07\u4ef2\u666f\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u8d2c\u4f4e\u6e29\u75c5\u5b66\u8bf4<\/p>\n
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